Four Commonly Confused Hairstreaks (Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini): Three Need Names, One Does Not

Genomics‐based higher classification of the species‐rich hairstreaks (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae: Eumaeini)

“…As far as is known most genera feed on only one or two plant families. Olynthus is recorded from Lecythidaceae and Caryocaraceae (Nicolay, 1982; Silva et al, 2011; reared adults in USNM), Oenomaus (Figure 4k, including Porthecla ) from Annonaceae (Fennah, 1937; Ballou, 1945; Guagliumi, 1965, 1967; Silva et al, 1967–1968; Kendall, 1975; Kaminski et al, 2012; reared adults in CPAC, MIZA, and USNM), Thepytus from Vochysiaceae (Silva et al, 2011), Beatheclus from Loranthaceae (Janzen & Hallwachs, 2021; Silva et al, 2011; Uchôa, Caires, Nicácio, & Duarte, 2012), Michaelus from Bignoniaceae and Fabaceae (summarized in Robbins, 2010b; Kaminski et al, 2010; Silva et al, 2011) and Symbiopsis from Fabaceae (Janzen & Hallwachs, 2021; reared vouchers in USNM). In contrast, Parrhasius is polyphagous on Araliaceae, Asteraceae, Bignoniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, Fagaceae, Malpighiaceae and Malvaceae (Zikán, 1956; Clench, 1961b; Zikán & Zikán, 1968; Maes, Hellebuyck, & Gantier, 1999; Rodrigues, Kaminski, Freitas, & Oliveira, 2010; Janzen & Hallwachs, 2021; vouchers in CPAC, FIOC).…”

“…In Arawacus , a dorsal forewing scent patch occurs either in the discal cell or distal of it. In some species, a second scent patch is located on the dorsal surface of the hindwing (Robbins, 2010b). In Panthiades , a dorsal forewing scent patch is located distal of the discal cell (Robbins, 2005).…”

Crianza de Michaelus phoenissa (Hewitson) (Lepidoptera : Lycaenidae) sobre Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae) en Perú

“…El género neotropical Michaelus Nicolay, 1979 (Lycaenidae, Theclinae, Eumaeini) ocurre desde México hasta el sur de Brasil, principalmente en la selva de baja altitud, y contiene seis especies: M. phoenissa, M. jebus (Godart, [1824]), M. thordesa (Hewitson, 1867), M. hecate (Godman & Salvin, 1887), M. ira (Hewitson, 1867), y M. joseph Robbins, 2010. Todas se encuentran en Perú, excepto M. hecate.…”

Larval Biology of Anthophagous Eumaeini (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae, Theclinae) in the Cerrado of Central Brazil

“…Because of the extraordinary species richness of Eumaeini, the taxonomy of many species is still unclear. Butterflies of this group exhibit intraspecific variations (geographical and phenological), which, in combination with interspecific similarities observed in some genera (e.g., Calycopis , see also Duarte and Robbins 2010 ), make them a group with interesting questions despite the difficulties of identification ( Robbins and Aiello 1982 , Robbins 1991a , Robbins and Duarte 2005 , Lamas 2006 , Robbins 2010a ). Knowledge of the biology and morphology of immature stages can provide vital information to clarify some taxonomic issues ( Duarte et al 2005 ).…”