Four decades of gasoline lead emissions and control policies in Europe: a retrospective assessment

Storch, Hans von; Costa‐Cabral, Mariza; Hagner, Charlotte; Feser, Frauke; Pacyna, Józef M.; Pacyna, Elisabeth G.; Kolb, Steffen

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(03)00051-2

Cited by 141 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…It is therefore likely that, in the Hautes Fagnes, leaded gasoline accounts at least as much as the other Pb sources (industries and coal burning) for the Pb input in this area. This is further corroborated by observations from von Storch et al (2003), who reported that among the diverse anthropogenic Pb sources, leaded gasoline is the main one, increasing from its introduction (1931 A.D.) and reaching a maximum in the early 1970's. During this period, leaded gasoline accounted for 75% of the total atmospheric lead emission across Europe.…”

Section: Industrial Revolutionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Atmospheric lead and heavy metal pollution records from a Belgian peat bog spanning the last two millenia: Human impact on a regional to global scale

Vleeschouwer

Gérard

Goormaghtigh

et al. 2007

Science of The Total Environment

113

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Europe has been continuously polluted throughout the last two millennia. During the Roman Empire, these pollutions were mainly from ore extraction and smelting across Europe. Then, during the Middle Ages and the Early times of Industrial revolution (i.e. 1750), these pollutions extended to coal burning and combustion engine. Belgian ombrotrophic peat bogs have proved an effective archive of these pollutants and provide the opportunity to reconstruct the history of atmospheric deposition in NW Europe.The results of recent and past trace metal accumulation and Pb isotopes from a one-meter peat core (in the Misten peat bog) have been derived using XRF and Nu-plasma MC-ICP-MS. Combined with 14 C and 210 Pb dates these data have enabled us to trace fluxes in anthropogenic pollution back to original Roman times.

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Section: Industrial Revolutionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Atmospheric lead and heavy metal pollution records from a Belgian peat bog spanning the last two millenia: Human impact on a regional to global scale

Vleeschouwer

Gérard

Goormaghtigh

et al. 2007

Science of The Total Environment

113

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“…Pb continued to fluctuate after the cessation of mining in 1942: subsequent peaks probably relate to the remobilisation of mining waste during flood events in the 1960s (Schillereff et al 2014(Schillereff et al , 2016. Any atmospheric signal from leaded petrol in automobiles during 1950-1970(von Storch et al 2003 was likely masked by the particulate flux from the catchment. Previous research at Brotherswater found no evidence for post-depositional remobilisation in the sediment column (Rae and Parker 1993) or bottomwater redox conditioning driven by ferromanganese enrichment (no correlation is observed between Fe and Pb (p [ 0.6) and Mn and Pb (p [ 0.4)).…”

Section: Controls and Conditioning Of Metal Fluxesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantifying system disturbance and recovery from historical mining-derived metal contamination at Brotherswater, northwest England

et al. 2016

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Metal ore extraction in historical times has left a legacy of severe contamination in aquatic ecosystems around the world. In the UK, nationwide surveys of present-day pollution discharged from abandoned mines are ongoing but few assessments of the magnitude of contamination and impacts that arose during historical metal mining have been made. We report one of the first multi-centennial records of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) fluxes into a lake (Brotherswater, northwest England) from pointsources in its catchment (Hartsop Hall Mine and Hogget Gill processing plant) and calculate basin-scale inventories of those metals. The pre-mining baseline for metal contamination has been established using sediment cores spanning the past 1500 years and contemporary material obtained through sediment trapping. These data enabled the impact of 250 years of local, small-scale mining to be quantified and an assessment of the trajectory towards system recovery to be made. The geochemical stratigraphy displayed in twelve sediment cores show strong correspondence to the documented history of metal mining and processing in the catchment. The initial onset in 1696 was detected, peak Pb concentrations ([10,000 lg g -1 ) and flux (39.4 g m -2 year -1 ) corresponded to the most intensive mining episode (1863-1871) and twentieth century technological enhancements were reflected as a more muted sedimentary imprint. After careful evaluation, we used these markers to augment a Bayesian agedepth model of the independent geochronology obtained using radioisotope dating ( 14 C, 210 Pb, 137 Cs and 241 Am). Total inventories of Pb, Zn and Cu for the lake basin during the period of active mining were 15,415, 5897 and 363 kg, respectively. The postmining trajectories for Pb and Zn project a return to pre-mining levels within 54-128 years for Pb and 75-187 years for Zn, although future remobilisation of metal-enriched catchment soils and floodplain sediments could perturb this recovery. We present a transferable paleolimnological approach that highlights flux-based assessments are vital to accurately establish the baseline, impact and trajectory of mining-derived contamination for a lake catchment.

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“…This maximum occurs between 1920 and 1940 in Słowińskie Błoto, then later in Denmark (late 1950s) and later still in northern Germany (1970s). Historical data show that maximum lead emission over Europe generally took place between 1970and 1985(von Storch et al, 2003. Moreover, Pacyna and Pacyna (2000) showed that the maximum lead emission over Poland occurred in AD 1975, when the mean annual Pb emission was 7000 metric t yr -1 .…”

Section: Fig 5 Comparison Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, the selection of an appropriate near-shore site may offer the opportunity to investigate pollution over the Baltic region, which has been of high interest during the last decade (e.g., Schneider et al, 2000 and reference therein). During the last couple of decades, the dominant contributors of lead emission (from coal, lead mines and gasoline) over the Baltic Sea are Poland (23%), Germany (20%) and Finland (16%) (von Storch et al, 2003). By coupling elemental geochemistry and lead isotopes together with 14 C and 210 Pb age-dating of a 1-m ombrotrophic peat core, we aim to: (1) reconstruct the history of lead pollution during the last millennium over North Poland,(2) link the Pb record to historical events, (3) trace the source of this lead, (4) replace our record into a more regional history of lead pollution over Eastern Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic impacts in North Poland over the last 1300years — A record of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and S in an ombrotrophic peat bog

Vleeschouwer¹,

Fagel²,

Cheburkin³

et al. 2009

Science of The Total Environment

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Lead pollution history over Northern Poland was reconstructed for the last ca. 1300 years using the elemental and Pb isotope geochemistry of a dated Polish peat bog. The data show that Polish Pb-Zn ores and coal were the main sources of Pb, other heavy metals and S over Northern Poland up until the industrial revolution. After review of the potential mobility of each element, most of the historical interpretation was based on Pb and Pb isotopes, the other chemical elements (Zn, Cu, Ni, S) being considered secondary indicators of pollution. During the last century, leaded gasoline also contributed to anthropogenic Pb pollution over Poland. Coal and Pb-Zn ores, however, remained important sources of pollution in Eastern European countries during the last 50 years, as demonstrated by a high 206 Pb/ 207 Pb ratio (1.153) relative to that of Western Europe (ca. 1.10). The Pb data for the last century were also in good agreement with modelled Pb inventories over Poland and the Baltic region.

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Four decades of gasoline lead emissions and control policies in Europe: a retrospective assessment

Cited by 141 publications

References 12 publications

Atmospheric lead and heavy metal pollution records from a Belgian peat bog spanning the last two millenia: Human impact on a regional to global scale

Atmospheric lead and heavy metal pollution records from a Belgian peat bog spanning the last two millenia: Human impact on a regional to global scale

Quantifying system disturbance and recovery from historical mining-derived metal contamination at Brotherswater, northwest England

Anthropogenic impacts in North Poland over the last 1300years — A record of Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni and S in an ombrotrophic peat bog

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