Four-dimensional Bloch sphere representation of qutrits using Heisenberg-Weyl Operators

Abstract

In the Bloch sphere based representation of qudits with dimensions greater than two, the Heisenberg-Weyl operator basis is not preferred because of presence of complex Bloch vector components. We try to address this issue and parametrize a qutrit using the Heisenberg-Weyl operators by identifying eight real parameters and separate them as four weight and four angular parameters each. The four weight parameters correspond to the weights in front of the four mutually unbiased bases sets formed by the eigenbases of Heisenberg-Weyl observables and they form a four-dimensional unit radius Bloch hypersphere. Inside the four-dimensional hypersphere all points do not correspond to a physical qutrit state but still it has several other features which indicate that it is a natural extension of the qubit Bloch sphere. We study the purity, rank of three level systems, orthogonality and mutual unbiasedness conditions and the distance between two qutrit states inside the hypersphere. We also analyze the two and three-dimensional sections centered at the origin which gives a close structure for physical qutrit states inside the hypersphere. Significantly, we have applied our representation to find mutually unbiased bases(MUBs) and to characterize the unital maps in three dimensions. It should also be possible to extend this idea in higher dimensions.

Correlation constraints and the Bloch geometry of two qubits

“…Looking at higher-dimensional systems gives a richer and more diverse structure of the quantum state-space and its geometrical representation, e.g., Refs. [18,19,[28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. The Bloch representation exists also for higher-dimensional systems.…”