Four Generations of Sequencing- Is it Ready for the Clinic Yet?

Abstract

Next-generation sequencing techniques have revolutionized over the last decade providing researchers with low cost, high-throughput alternatives compared to the traditional Sanger sequencing methods. These sequencing techniques have rapidly evolved from first-generation to fourth-generation with very broad applications such as unraveling the complexity of the genome, in terms of genetic variations, and having a high impact on the biological field. In this review, we discuss the transition of sequencing from the second-generation to the third-and fourthgenerations, and describe some of their novel biological applications. With the advancement in technology, the earlier challenges of minimal size of the instrument, flexibility of throughput, ease of data analysis and short run times are being addressed. However, the need for prospective analysis and effectiveness to test whether the knowledge of any given new variants identified has an effect on clinical outcome may need improvement.

[Retracted] A Comprehensive Review of Performance of Next‐Generation Sequencing Platforms

“…The tSMS can sequence millions of individual molecules even from a picogram sample. The tSMS has an important improvement over the SGS in the sense that it can perform RNA sequencing directly [ 50 ].…”

“…The 3 rd -generation sequencing has several advantages over 2 nd -generation sequencing; for example, higher throughput, detecting haplotype directly, longer read lengths, better consensus accuracy to identify rare variants, whole chromosome phasing, and small amount of sample are the salient features of the 3 rd -generation sequencing which had it useful in clinical diagnostic [ 50 ].…”

Nanotechnology based solutions to combat zoonotic viruses with special attention to SARS, MERS, and COVID 19: Detection, protection and medication

“…The major advantages of nanopores include high throughput, label-free, ultra-long reads (10 4 –10 6 bases), and low material requirement and it is categorised into 2, biological and solid-state. The biological nanopore is formed by a pore-forming protein within the membrane (lipid bi-layer), and synthetic materials such as silicon nitride form the solid-state [ 94 , 96 ]. A small channel separates the two reservoirs and intakes the electrolyte suspension containing particles.…”

DNA Sequencing Sensors: An Overview

“…The great contribution of this new platform, and its great advantage, is that it is presented as an all-in-one platform [33], from the preparation of the samples to the analysis of the results [34]. Another difference, methodological in nature, is that the group that is blocking the 3′-OH of the nucleotides is not an O-azidomethyl, as was the case in the Illumina platform, but an O-allyl, and that the regeneration of the 3′-OH is performed with a mixture of palladium and P(PhSO 3 Na) 3 (TPPTS) in the GeneReader platform, while in the Illumina platform the regeneration was carried out with the reducing agent tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP).…”