The importance of identifying biological diversity accurately and efficiently is becoming more evident. It is therefore critical to determine the species boundaries between closely related taxa and to establish diagnostic characters that allow us to define species. This is not an easy task when species exhibit high intraspecific phenotypic plasticity or when distinct evolutionary lineages with an unusually large amount of genetic distinctiveness show no apparent morphological diversity (cryptic species). These phenomena appear to be common in the genus of fan worms Branchiomma (Sabellidae, Annelida) and consequently taxonomic errors are widespread in the group. Moreover, some Branchiomma species have been unintentionally translocated outside the area where natural range extension is expected, increasing the taxonomic problems. We have performed a range of analytical methods including genetic distances, Bayesian Interference, maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony, statistical parsimony analyses and general mixed Yule coalescent model to clarify the taxonomic status and asses the species boundaries of Branchiomma in Australia. This study shows that the traditional diagnostic morphological features are greatly homoplastic. Results also indicate that the diversity of Branchiomma in Australia is Capa 2 higher than previously reported and evidence some cases of high phenetic plasticity (in features previously considered as stable within species), high intraspecific genetic variability, cryptic species and several unexpected cases of translocations.
Corresponding author: María Capa, Museum of Natural History and Archaeology,Norwegian University of Sciences and Technology, maria.capa@ntnu.no.María Capa, Australian Museum, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia. E-mail: maria.capa@ntnu.no. Avanzados, 21, Balearic Islands, Pat Hutchings, Australian Museum, Sydney NSW 2010, Australia. E-mail: pat.hutchings@austmus.gov.au.
Joan Pons, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Instituto Mediterráneo de Estudios
Capa 3
IntroductionThe genus Branchiomma is a homogeneous group of fan worms (Sabellidae, Annelida) characterised by the presence of paired compound eyes and stylodes alternating along the radioles ( Figs 1A-B, 2). The stylodes are epithelial appendages directed outwards of the radiolar crown, unique amongst members of Sabellidae and their shape and relative length between the radioles (Fig. 1A-G) is considered to be one of the main specific diagnostic features (Knight-Jones, 1994;Tovar-Hernández & Knight-Jones, 2006). There are currently around 30 nominal species of Branchiomma (Tovar-Hernández & Dean, 2010) described from a variety of shallow water environments, ranging from fine sediments to hard substrates and from many localities around the world. Some of these nominal species are well defined morphologically with precise data about their reproductive strategies, ecology and geographic distribution being available (e.g. Sordino & Gambi, 1992;Licciano et al., 2002;Tovar-Hernández & Knight-Jones, 2006;Licciano & Giangrande, 2008; TovarHernán...