Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of some energetic materials and propellant formulations

McNesby, Kevin L.; Wolfe, Jennifer E.; Morris, Jeffrey B.; Fifer, Robert A.

doi:10.1117/12.166716

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Thermal and/or laser heating of the sample can thermally decompose explosive samples. McNesby et al (82) noted that TNT can be decomposed by exposure to laser radiation (and hence laser heating); for TNT they had to use lower laser powers to prevent the sample from combusting. They (83) also noted that thermal decomposition begins below the melting point of RDX and RDX-based propellants.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of ExplosivesUpdate based on the original article by David L. Monts, Jagdish P. Singh and Gary M. Boudreaux,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Hummel

Dubroca

2013

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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A wide variety of optical‐ and laser‐based techniques have been and are currently being investigated as means of identifying and characterizing explosive materials. These efforts are hampered by the very low volatility of explosive compounds at room temperature and their tendency to ignite at higher temperatures where their vapor pressures are beginning to reach a regime where the species can be readily detected. Traditional, condensed‐phase absorption spectroscopy (both infrared (IR) and ultraviolet/ visible (UV/VIS)) requires larger samples than are frequently available and, although useful as confirmatory techniques, do not provide signatures that enable unique identification of species. The choice of nontraditional techniques for analysis of explosive materials is dependent upon the amount of sample available, the sample matrix, and sample‐imposed constraints upon the measurement. Raman spectroscopy can identify and quantify condensed phase explosive materials, but the detection limit depends upon substrate, excitation wavelength, and illumination area: limits of detection (LODs) vary from 0.05 ng for 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT) on glass to 10 µg for nitroglycerin (NG) on silica gel. The other detection techniques considered require volatilization of either the explosive compound itself or more often of characteristic decomposition products, such as NO, NO 2 , or N 2 O. Using IR irradiation, researchers have demonstrated that photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) has detection limits ranging from 0.55 ppb (parts per billion) for vapor‐phase NG with 9 mm excitation to 220 ppm (parts per million) for vaporphase 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT) with 6‐µm excitation. IR laser differential absorption detection of dissociation products NO, NO 2 , and/or N 2 O can achieve detection limits of a few picograms. Laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection of the photofragments (typically NO) of explosive compounds yields detection limits in the tens to hundreds of ppb (by weight) range. Low LODs can be achieved using ion detection techniques: resonance‐enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectrometry is capable of LODs for detecting vapor‐phase explosives compounds in the hundredths to tens of ppb range; ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) has vapor‐phase detection limits for common explosive compounds of typically 200 pg, but for some species can be significantly lower: for example, 1 pg for TNT.

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Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…McNesby et al (82,83) studied the effects of bulk and laser heating on the Raman spectrum of solid explosive samples. In general, as the temperature of a sample increased, the intensity of Raman transitions decreased and their peak frequencies moved to lower energy.…”

Section: Raman Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of ExplosivesUpdate based on the original article by David L. Monts, Jagdish P. Singh and Gary M. Boudreaux,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Hummel

Dubroca

2013

Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry

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“…Traditional methods for detecting traces of explosives, e.g., mass and ion mobility spectrometry and chromatography have their limitations in terms of range in standoff detection. Laser-Raman spectroscopy, based on inelastic scattering of light, has been used in laboratories for characterizing and identifying explosives [1][2][3][4][5] . Raman spectroscopy is a powerful, non-destructive technique for detecting a wide range of materials in any state (solid, liquid, or gas).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compact standoff Raman system for detection of homemade explosives

Misra

Sharma²,

Bates

et al. 2010

SPIE Proceedings

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We present data on standoff detection of chemicals used in synthesis of homemade explosives (HME) using a compact portable standoff Raman system developed at the University of Hawaii. Data presented in this article show that good quality Raman spectra of various organic and inorganic chemicals, including hazardous chemicals such as ammonium nitrate, potassium nitrate, potassium perchlorate, sulfur, nitrobenzene, benzene, acetone, and gasoline, can be easily obtained from remote distances with a compact standoff Raman system utilizing only a regular 85 mm Nikon camera lens as collection optics. Raman spectra of various chemicals showing clear Raman fingerprints obtained from targets placed at 50 m distance in daylight with 1 to 10 second of integration time are presented in this article. A frequencydoubled mini Nd:YAG pulsed laser source (532 nm, 30 mJ/pulse, 20 Hz, pulse width 8 ns) is used in an oblique geometry to excite the target located at 50 m distance. The standoff Raman system uses a compact spectrograph of size 10 cm (length) x 8.2 cm (width) x 5.2 cm (height) with spectral coverage from 100 to 4500 cm -1 Stokes-Raman shifted from 532 nm laser excitation and is equipped with a gated thermo-electrically cooled ICCD detector. The system is capable of detecting both the target as well as the atmospheric gases before the target. Various chemicals could be easily identified through glass, plastic, and water media. Possible applications of the standoff Raman system for homeland security and environmental monitoring are discussed.

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“…Normal or spontaneous Raman spectroscopy (RS) is one of the most promising tools under consideration [5][6][7]. Current systems are portable, sensitive, and have a wide variety of accessories to tailor applications in the field and in the laboratory [8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiber Optic Coupled Raman Based Detection of Hazardous Liquids Concealed in Commercial Products

Ramírez-Cedeño

Gaensbauer

Félix-Rivera

et al. 2012

International Journal of Spectroscopy

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Raman spectroscopy has been widely proposed as a technique to nondestructively and noninvasively interrogate the contents of glass and plastic bottles. In this work, Raman spectroscopy is used in a concealed threat scenario where hazardous liquids have been intentionally mixed with common consumer products to mask its appearance or spectra. The hazardous liquids under consideration included the chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulant triethyl phosphate (TEP), hydrogen peroxide, and acetone as representative of toxic industrial compounds (TICs). Fiber optic coupled Raman spectroscopy (FOCRS) and partial least squares (PLS) algorithm analysis were used to quantify hydrogen peroxide in whiskey, acetone in perfume, and TEP in colored beverages. Spectral data was used to evaluate if the hazardous liquids can be successfully concealed in consumer products. Results demonstrated that FOC-RS systems were able to discriminate between nonhazardous consumer products and mixtures with hazardous materials at concentrations lower than 5%.

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Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of some energetic materials and propellant formulations

Cited by 3 publications

References 1 publication

Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of ExplosivesUpdate based on the original article by David L. Monts, Jagdish P. Singh and Gary M. Boudreaux,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Laser‐ and Optical‐Based Techniques for the Detection of ExplosivesUpdate based on the original article by David L. Monts, Jagdish P. Singh and Gary M. Boudreaux,Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, © 2000, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Compact standoff Raman system for detection of homemade explosives

Fiber Optic Coupled Raman Based Detection of Hazardous Liquids Concealed in Commercial Products

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