Fowlpox virus: an overview of its classification, morphology and genome, replication mechanisms, uses as vaccine vector and disease dynamics

Umar, Bala Ningi; Adamu, Jibril; Ahmad, Muktar; Ahmad, K.; Sada, Akiko; Orakpoghenor, Ochuko

doi:10.1080/00439339.2021.1959278

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 94 publications

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“…That these populations of birds were naïve to both Newcastle disease and fowlpox highlights the importance of regular vaccination to avoid disease outbreaks. In recent years, outbreaks of fowlpox have been gradually increasing mostly due to the emergence of novel strains of the virus (the virulence of which is reportedly enhanced by the integration of reticuloendotheliosis virus into the fowlpox viral genome (Umar et al 2021 )), especially in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world, where the control of biting insects is less efficient (Giotis and Skinner 2019 ; Umar et al 2021 ) resulting in economic loss for both large and small-scale poultry farmers (Abdu and Musa 2014 ). On the completion of both field studies, almost all vaccinated birds were positive to Newcastle disease (91% in Tanzania, 98% in Nepal).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The co-administration of live fowlpox and Newcastle disease vaccines by non-invasive routes to chickens reared by smallholders in Tanzania and Nepal

Andrews¹,

Makundi

Mwanadota³

et al. 2022

Trop Anim Health Prod

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The co-administration of commercial live fowlpox (FP) and Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines when given by non-invasive (needle-free) routes was demonstrated to be safe and to elicit immunity in two field studies, one in Tanzania the other in Nepal. Both studies were of a cluster-randomised controlled design in which birds were randomly assigned to one of five treatment groups: (i) administration with FP vaccine alone (feather follicle), (ii) administration with ND vaccine alone (eye-drop), (iii) concurrent administration of FP (feather follicle) and ND (eye-drop) vaccines, (iv) concurrent administration of FP (wing-web) and ND (eye-drop) vaccines, and (v) unvaccinated, acting as environmental sentinels. Data from a total of 1167 birds from seven villages in Hanang District of Tanzania together with 1037 birds from eleven villages in Dhading District of Nepal were collected over a period of 21 and 28 days, respectively. Immune responses to FP vaccination were evaluated by local take reactions, while those to ND vaccination were evaluated serologically by haemagglutination inhibition test. The two studies demonstrated that the concurrent vaccination of free-range, indigenous breeds of chicken with live FP and ND vaccines, both administered by non-invasive routes, was safe and induced immunity against FP and ND that were non-inferior to the administration of FP and ND vaccines alone. These findings are important to appropriately trained small-scale backyard poultry farmers as well as to paraprofessionals and community health workers helping to increase vaccine uptake and the control of both FP and ND in low- to middle-income countries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The co-administration of live fowlpox and Newcastle disease vaccines by non-invasive routes to chickens reared by smallholders in Tanzania and Nepal

Andrews¹,

Makundi

Mwanadota³

et al. 2022

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…The diphtheritic form shows cankers in the mouth, oesophagus or trachea. Other symptoms include blindness, feed refusal, lowered egg production, facial swelling (Umar et al, 2021). Although worldwide the economic losses of commercial birds have been reduced by immunization programs against the virus, fowl pox continues to prevail on the planet (Bertalmio et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the Stevia rebaudiana Morita II on the warts caused by fowl pox in Meleagris gallopavo as model study

CAAMAL VELAZQUEZ,

Ramírez-Benítez,

Itza Can

et al. 2024

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O Objective: to evaluate the effect of leaves of Stevia rebaudiana Morita II on swelling caused by fowl pox in backyard turkeys of the Meleagris gallopavo species. Design/methodology/approach: Different percentages of ground stevia leaves (5.5, 15, 20 and 25%) combined with ground corn were evaluated and the reduction of avian pox in turkeys was evaluated. Results: The diet with 5% stevia leaves with corn was the most accepted combination by the turkeys; it also leads to immunomodulation to eliminate avian pox in a period of 30 days. Limitations on study/implications: One of the main limitations is the production of stevia matter, however, due to the required amount, it has the possibility of being applied in the feeding of these animals, this study has applications in animal health and food safety in turkeys. Findings/conclusions: The use of stevia in combination with corn could represent a natural alternative for the treatment of fowl pox and be profitable enough to prevent the death of turkeys.

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“…2022.978829 Frontiers in Microbiology 03 frontiersin.org (Piskurek and Okada, 2007). Another example of foreign retroviral insertions was reported in field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus (FPV) that carry integrated sequences from avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus (Hertig et al, 1997;Umar et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, a transposable element related to sequences from snake genomes has been identified in the genome of a taterapox virus isolated from a rodent ( Piskurek and Okada, 2007 ). Another example of foreign retroviral insertions was reported in field and vaccine strains of fowlpox virus (FPV) that carry integrated sequences from avian retrovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus ( Hertig et al, 1997 ; Umar et al, 2021 ). These studies indicate, poxviruses may be good HT vectors due to their large genomes and low host and cell specificity, but have a great potential to tolerate genetic insertions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capripoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, and orthopoxviruses: Occurrences of recombination

et al. 2022

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Poxviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses with several members displaying restricted host ranges. They are genetically stable with low nucleotide mutation rates compared to other viruses, due to the poxviral high-fidelity DNA polymerase. Despite the low accumulation of mutations per replication cycle, poxvirus genomes can recombine with each other to generate genetically rearranged viruses through recombination, a process directly associated with replication and the aforementioned DNA polymerase. Orthopoxvirus replication is intimately tethered to high frequencies of homologous recombination between co-infecting viruses, duplicated sequences of the same virus, and plasmid DNA transfected into poxvirus-infected cells. Unfortunately, the effect of these genomic alterations on the cellular context for all poxviruses across the family Poxviridae remains elusive. However, emerging sequence data on currently circulating and archived poxviruses, such as the genera orthopoxviruses and capripoxviruses, display a wide degree of divergence. This genetic variability cannot be explained by clonality or genetic drift alone, but are probably a result of significant genomic alterations, such as homologous recombination, gene loss and gain, or gene duplications as the major selection forces acting on viral progeny. The objective of this review is to cross-sectionally overview the currently available findings on natural and laboratory observations of recombination in orthopoxviruses, capripoxviruses, and leporipoxviruses, as well as the possible mechanisms involved. Overall, the reviewed available evidence allows us to conclude that the current state of knowledge is limited in terms of the relevance of genetic variations across even a genus of poxviruses as well as fundamental features governing and precipitating intrinsic gene flow and recombination events.

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Fowlpox virus: an overview of its classification, morphology and genome, replication mechanisms, uses as vaccine vector and disease dynamics

Cited by 6 publications

References 94 publications

The co-administration of live fowlpox and Newcastle disease vaccines by non-invasive routes to chickens reared by smallholders in Tanzania and Nepal

The co-administration of live fowlpox and Newcastle disease vaccines by non-invasive routes to chickens reared by smallholders in Tanzania and Nepal

The effect of the Stevia rebaudiana Morita II on the warts caused by fowl pox in Meleagris gallopavo as model study

Capripoxviruses, leporipoxviruses, and orthopoxviruses: Occurrences of recombination

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