We introduce a family of dimensions, which we call the Φ-intermediate dimensions, that lie between the Hausdorff and box dimensions and generalise the intermediate dimensions introduced by Falconer, Fraser and Kempton. We do this by restricting the allowable covers in the definition of Hausdorff dimension, but in a wider variety of ways than in the definition of the intermediate dimensions. We also extend the theory from Euclidean space to a wider class of metric spaces. We investigate relationships between the Φ-intermediate dimensions and other notions of dimension, and study many analytic and geometric properties of the dimensions. We prove continuity-like results which improve similar results for the intermediate dimensions and give a sharp general lower bound for the intermediate dimensions that is positive for all θ ∈ (0, 1] for sets with positive box dimension. We prove Hölder distortion estimates which imply bi-Lipschitz stability for the Φ-intermediate dimensions. We prove a mass distribution principle and Frostman type lemma, and use these to study dimensions of product sets, and to show that the lower versions of the dimensions, unlike the the upper versions, are not finitely stable. We show that for any compact subset of an appropriate space, these dimensions can be used to 'recover the interpolation' between the Hausdorff and box dimensions of sets for which the intermediate dimensions are discontinuous at θ = 0, thus providing more refined geometric information about such sets.