Fraction distribution of arsenic in different-sized atmospheric particulate matters

Chemical Fractionation in Environmental Studies of Potentially Toxic Particulate-Bound Elements in Urban Air: A Critical Review

“…The Obios procedure was used only according to the original version [ 53 , 77 , 85 ]. In the studies on fraction distribution of arsenic in APM samples [ 7 , 8 ], the chemical fractionation was carried out according to the Wenzel procedure [ 86 ].…”

“…The other techniques were used in the quantitative elemental analysis by individual research teams, as follows: EDXRF [ 62 ], DPASV [ 45 ] and CE [ 39 ], with AFS used only for the determination of arsenic [ 7 , 8 ]. Since ICP-OES and ICP-MS do not yield the same reliable results for all investigated elements, multi-element analysis was performed in many speciation studies using both these techniques [ 13 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 31 , 37 , 71 ] or ICP-OES and GFAAS [ 41 ].…”

“…Formally, this review covers the papers published in the last three decades. In fact, 60% of them were published in the last decade [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ] and 30% were published in the years 2001–2010 [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 ]. The studies on operational speciation of PTEs dealt primarily with air quality in Europe (40%) [ 6 , 10 , 11 , 14 ,…”

“…The scope of the research presented in a single publication ranged from a few to roughly a dozen elements, with an average of nine covered per paper. Only a few publications were focused on a single element: As [ 6 , 7 , 8 ] and Pb [ 64 ].…”