“…Using mathematical formulations to model the transmission of infectious diseases like COVID-19 is a well-established approach to analysing individuals and their infections in communities. Several studies have been published examining the dynamics of the COVID-19 epidemic worldwide [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [30] , [32] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [52] , [53] , [54] , [55] , [57] , [58] , [59] , [60] , [61] , [62] , [63] , [64] , [65] , [66] , [67] , [68] , [69] , [70] , [71] , [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] , [76] , [77] , [78] , [79] , [80] , [81] , [82] , [83] . Vaccination’s impact on the spread of COVID-19 has been the subject of several articles [40] , [51] .…”