Fractional modeling of flexural behavior of toenail plates: First step for clinical purposes

Comparative Analysis of Type I Keratin Expression By Nail Consistency: An Immunohistochemistry Study

“…This arrangement is the result of the cornification experienced by keratinocytes, a specialized type of programmed cell death4,5 in which dead cells are not phagocyted, but accumulated and interconnected to form a protective layer. Their structure is rigid,6 strong3,7 and flexible,8,9 and they are surrounded by soft periungual tissue: proximal nail fold, eponychium, nail matrix, nail bed, hyponychium, and lateral nail folds 10–14…”

“…3 This arrangement is the result of the cornification experienced by keratinocytes, a specialized type of programmed cell death 4,5 in which dead cells are not phagocyted, but accumulated and interconnected to form a protective layer. Their structure is rigid, 6 strong 3,7 and flexible, 8,9 and they are surrounded by soft periungual tissue: proximal nail fold, eponychium, nail matrix, nail bed, hyponychium, and lateral nail folds. [10][11][12][13][14] Nail consistency is determined by assessing the behavior of the nail plate when manual pressure is applied to the distal end, 15 identifying 3 types: hard, medium, and soft consistency nails.…”

“…[10][11][12][13][14] Nail consistency is determined by assessing the behavior of the nail plate when manual pressure is applied to the distal end, 15 identifying 3 types: hard, medium, and soft consistency nails. 15,16 This is a recent concept with potential clinical implications, 9,17 as it has been demonstrated that changes in other characteristics of the nail plate are indicative of nail disorders and/or systemic disease. [18][19][20][21] Little is known about the determining factors, although the calcium content of the dorsal layer is a predictive variable of nail consistency.…”