Fracture dynamics in an unstable, deglaciating headwall, Kitzsteinhorn, Austria

Abstract

Abstract. Processes destabilising recently deglaciated rockwalls, driving cirque headwall retreat, and putting high alpine infrastructure at risk are poorly understood due to a lack of in situ monitoring data. Deglaciation initiates internal stress redistribution and drastically increases atmospheric forcing rendering cirque headwalls particularly prone for rock slope failure. Here we present quantitative data from an unstable, recently deglaciated cirque headwall. We monitor the dynamics of a fracture at the north face of the Kitzsteinhorn (3203 m a.s.l.) over a period of 2.5 years. Two crackmeters measure horizontal and vertical crack deformation with a resolution of ±0.003 mm and are complemented by crack top temperature measurements. To decipher thermo-mechanical from cryogenic forcing, thermal expansion coefficients for both horizontal and vertical directions are calculated to derive purely thermo-mechanical deformation. Our data shows that fracture dynamics are dominated by thermo-mechanical expansion and contraction of the inter-cleft rock mass during snow-covered and snow-free periods. Significant deviations from thermo-mechanical behavior occur due to freeze-thaw action during spring and autumn zero curtain periods. Exceptional vertical deformation during these periods is triggered by rainfall events providing liquid water into the fracture system. Subsequent refreezing rather than hydrostatic pressure build-up is to the most likely cause of the mechanical response. Lower magnitude horizontal deformation occurs in autumn and early winter due to ice segregation. Irreversible fracture opening was not observed, however, enhanced cryogenic deformation in spring and autumn may lead to shallow, low magnitude rock detachments. Our results highlight the importance of liquid water intake in combination with subzero-temperatures on the destabilisation of glacier headwalls. We conclude that intense frost action and ice segregation are common processes in randkluft systems, serving as important preparatory factors of paraglacial rock slope instability.

Current glacier recession causes significant rockfall increase: the immediate paraglacial response of deglaciating cirque walls

“…Both cirques are occupied by the Schmiedingerkees, a glacier which is home to Austria's oldest glacier ski area. Since 2010, an extensive, multiscale monitoring of permafrost-rockfall interaction ("Open-Air-Lab Kitzsteinhorn") (Keuschnig et al, 2015) has included several deep and shallow boreholes (Hartmeyer et al, 2012), two permanently installed electrical resistivity tomography profiles (Supper et al, 2014;Keuschnig et al, 2016), rock anchor load loggers (Plaesken et al, 2017), extensometers in fractures (Ewald et al, 2019) and several fully automated weather stations.…”

A 6-year lidar survey reveals enhanced rockwall retreat and modified rockfall magnitudes/frequencies in deglaciating cirques

“…The Kitzsteinhorn hosts an extensive research site to investigate the con-sequences of climate change on high-alpine infrastructure and rock stability ("Open-Air-Lab Kitzsteinhorn"). Measurements performed at the Kitzsteinhorn focus on rockfall activity (Keuschnig et al, 2015), subsurface temperature changes (Hartmeyer et al, 2012), geophysical monitoring with electrical resistivity tomography (Supper et al, 2014;Keuschnig et al, 2016), rock mass pressure using anchor load plates (Plaesken et al, 2017) and fracture dynamics monitoring with crack meters (Ewald et al, 2019).…”

“…2). Numerous open fractures infilled with fine-grained material enable water infiltration and affect near-surface rock slope kinematics and thermal dynamics (Keuschnig et al, 2016;Ewald et al, 2019). Rock at the surface is highly fractured due to a pronounced frost weathering susceptibility.…”

Current glacier recession causes significant rockfall increase: The immediate paraglacial response of deglaciating cirque walls

“…Both cirques are occupied by the Schmiedingerkees glacier, which is home to Austria's oldest glacier ski-area. Since 2010 an extensive, multi-scale monitoring of permafrostrockfall interaction ('Open-Air-Lab Kitzsteinhorn') (Keuschnig et al, 2015) includes several deep and shallow boreholes (Hartmeyer et al, 2012), two permanently installed electrical resistivity tomography profiles (Supper et al, 2014;Keuschnig et al, 2016), rock anchor load loggers (Plaesken et al, 2017), extensometers in fractures (Ewald et al, 2019) and several fully automated weather stations.…”