Fracture of graphene: a review

Zhang, Teng; Li, Xiaoyan; Gao, Huajian

doi:10.1007/s10704-015-0039-9

Cited by 162 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 226 publications

(280 reference statements)

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“…In this section, we present a brief overview of some recent studies on strength and toughness of 2D materials. A more complete review of this subject on graphene can be found in [16].…”

Section: Strength and Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strength of a pristine 2D material is usually high [4,6], but it could vary substantially due to the presence of topological defects and out-of-plane deformation [13,14]. The fracture toughness of graphene obtained from experiments is relatively low [15], for which potential toughening mechanisms have been explored [16]. Fundamental questions have also been raised on the appropriate definition of fracture toughness for 2D materials based on fracture mechanics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A review on mechanics and mechanical properties of 2D materials—Graphene and beyond

Akinwande

Brennan

Bunch

et al. 2017

Extreme Mechanics Letters

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1,092

649

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Since the first successful synthesis of graphene just over a decade ago, a variety of twodimensional (2D) materials (e.g., transition metal-dichalcogenides, hexagonal boron-nitride, etc.) have been discovered. Among the many unique and attractive properties of 2D materials, mechanical properties play important roles in manufacturing, integration and performance for their potential applications. Mechanics is indispensable in the study of mechanical properties, both experimentally and theoretically. The coupling between the mechanical and other physical properties (thermal, electronic, optical) is also of great interest in exploring novel applications, where mechanics has to be combined with condensed matter physics to establish a scalable theoretical framework. Moreover, mechanical interactions between 2D materials and various substrate materials are essential for integrated device applications of 2D materials, for which the mechanics of interfaces (adhesion and friction) has to be developed for the 2D materials. Here we review recent theoretical and experimental works related to mechanics and mechanical properties of 2D materials. While graphene is the most studied 2D material to date, we expect continual growth of interest in the mechanics of other 2D materials beyond graphene.

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“…In this section, we present a brief overview of some recent studies on strength and toughness of 2D materials. A more complete review of this subject on graphene can be found in [16].…”

Section: Strength and Toughnessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on mechanics and mechanical properties of 2D materials—Graphene and beyond

Akinwande

Brennan

Bunch

et al. 2017

Extreme Mechanics Letters

Self Cite

1,092

649

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…39] and fractured graphene [16,19,22,26,40]. AIREBO abilities to describe quite well, both the structure and mechanical properties of graphene, as well as C-C bond breaking and bond formation, makes it a good choice for the study of self-tearing and self-folding of graphene nanoribbons.…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-tearing and self-peeling of folded graphene nanoribbons

Fonseca

Galvão

2019

Carbon

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A recent experimental study showed that an induced folded flap of graphene can spontaneously drive itself its tearing and peeling off a substrate, thus producing long, micrometer sized, regular trapezoidal-shaped folded graphene nanoribbons. As long as the size of the graphene flaps is above a threshold value, the "tug of war" between the forces of adhesion of graphene-graphene and graphene-substrate, flexural strain of folded region and carbon-carbon (C-C) covalent bonds favor the self-tearing and self-peeling off process. As the detailed information regarding the atomic scale mechanism involved in the process remains not fully understood, we carried out atomistic reactive molecular dynamics simulations to address some features of the process. We show that large thermal fluctuations can prevent the process by increasing the probability of chemical reactions between carbon dangling bonds of adjacent graphene layers. The effects of the strength of attraction between graphene and the substrate on the ribbon growth velocities at the early stages of the phenomenon were also investigated.Structures with initial armchair crack-edges were observed to form more uniform cuts than those 2 having initial zigzag ones. Our results are of importance to help set up new experiments on this phenomenon, especially with samples with nanoscale sized cuts.Recently, we have presented some results of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of self-driven graphene tearing and peeling off the substrate [9], where the dynamics of folded graphene nanoribbons of different widths and two types of chiral cut edges were observed. We have obtained an estimate of the minimum width, w, of the folded graphene nanoribbon to initiate the nanoribbon growth as w ~ 80 nm, and we have estimated the values of the initial velocity of the ribbon front, at least at the onset of growth, from 1 to 5 m/s. These results are consistent with the experimental ones regarding the effects of decreasing width on crack propagation features. We have also observed not only positive but also negative effects of thermal fluctuations on the process: they, at the same time, can help promote the crack propagation by triggering the C-C bond breaking, as well as to prevent it by promoting some C-C re-bonding between the edges of the graphene layers. In this work we present an expanded and detailed investigation of the process. We investigated the local structure of the crack-edges of the systems, some properties of the nanoribbon growth process at different adhesion strengths 8 where ε, σ and rc are the strength (in eV), the size of the particles as they interact with the wall, and the cutoff distance, respectively. σ and rc are fixed in 3.5 Å and 12 Å, respectively, while ε will be varied from 0.0005 to 0.01 eV, which correspond to adhesion strengths from 0.003 to 0.058 J/m 2 . The force field and MD simulation protocolsThe force field used here is the AIREBO potential [27,28], that is available in LAMMPS computational package [29] 2 . AIREBO is a well-known reactive force field u...

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“…Graphene with defects is well-known to be mechanically weaker than pristine graphene. 31 Initially, wrinkles are generated from the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient of the copper substrate and that of the graphene 38 during the cooling step of graphene synthesis. Defects along wrinkles may be generated during the chemical vapor deposition process, or during the transfer of graphene to PCTEM, that is, copper etching, mechanical pressing, membrane rinse, and membrane drying.…”

Section: Nano Lettersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Layer Graphene Membranes Withstand Ultrahigh Applied Pressure

et al. 2017

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High mechanical strength is essential for pressure-driven membrane separations with nanoporous single-layer graphene, but its ability to withstand high pressures remains to be demonstrated. We monitored failure of centimeter-scale single-layer graphene membranes on porous supports subjected to high pressures. Consistent with theory, the membranes were found to withstand higher pressures when placed on porous supports with smaller pore diameters, but failure occurred over a surprisingly broad range of pressures, attributed to heterogeneous susceptibility to failure at wrinkles, defects, and slack in the suspended graphene. Remarkably, nonwrinkled areas withstood pressure exceeding 100 bar at which many kinds of membrane suffer from compaction. Our study shows that single-layer graphene membranes can sustain ultrahigh pressure especially if the effect of wrinkles is isolated using supports with small pores and suggests the potential for the use of single-layer graphene in high-pressure membrane separations.

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Fracture of graphene: a review

Cited by 162 publications

References 226 publications

A review on mechanics and mechanical properties of 2D materials—Graphene and beyond

A review on mechanics and mechanical properties of 2D materials—Graphene and beyond

Self-tearing and self-peeling of folded graphene nanoribbons

Single-Layer Graphene Membranes Withstand Ultrahigh Applied Pressure

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