“…Injection of growth factors is based on the tremendous effect that these molecules exert to induce upregulation of bone healing [91]. Currently, a variety of molecules including BMP-2, BMP-7, platelet-derived growth factor, fibroblast derived growth factor and PTH have been used for the treatment of nonunions in experimental studies (animal models) [4,7,8,50,67,71,77,95,97,100,114]. The results have shown that the molecules are capable of upregulating the healing process, thus accelerating the fracture consolidation and mechanical properties [50, 71,77,89,95,100,114].…”