Fractures of the lower limbs and their secondary skeletal adaptations: a 20th century example of pre‐modern healing

Neri, Riccardo; Lancellotti, Lorenzo

doi:10.1002/oa.686

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The interpretation of fracture patterns based on the environmental and cultural specificities of the respective groups provides information on many aspects of their way of life, principally related to daily activities, practised regularly, and interaction between humans and the environment (Lovell, 2008). Aspects related to the healing process and its morphological consequences allow inferences on possible treatments and care, as well as social support (such as Anderson, 2002; Neri & Lancellotti, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoquinolin‐1‐one Inhibitors of the MDM2–p53 Interaction

et al. 2008

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p53 has been at the centre of attention for drug design since the discovery of its growth-suppressive and pro-apoptotic activity. Herein we report the design and characterisation of a new class of isoquinolinone inhibitors of the MDM2-p53 interaction. Our identification of druglike and selective inhibitors of this protein-protein interaction included a straightforward in silico compound-selection process, a recently reported NMR spectroscopic approach for studying the MDM2-p53 interaction, and selectivity screening assays using cells with the same genetic background. The selected inhibitors were all able to induce apoptosis and the expression of p53-related genes, but only the isoquinolin-1-one-based inhibitors stabilised p53. Our NMR experiments give a persuading explanation for these results, showing that isoquinolin-1-one derivates are able to dissociate the preformed MDM2-p53 complex in vitro, releasing a folded and soluble p53. The joint application of these methods provides a framework for the discovery of protein interaction inhibitors as a promising starting point for further drug design.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isoquinolin‐1‐one Inhibitors of the MDM2–p53 Interaction

et al. 2008

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“…Trauma is the result of intentional or accidental encounters with animals, humans, and cultural hazards found in and around the home and working place, or therapeutic procedures that cause injury to a person (psychologically or physically) (Merbs, 1989;Lovell, 1997;Walker, 2001;Neri & Lancellotti, 2004). The assessment of the prevalence of trauma in an archaeological population is difficult to interpret, since the investigation of dry bone poses several limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, the study of the prevalence of trauma within a population can aid in reconstructing the occupational and environmental stresses the sample was exposed to, as well as various aspects of cultural behaviour (Steinbock, 1976;Jurmain & Bellifemine, 1997;Kilgore et al, 1997;Lovell, 1997;Ortner, 2003). By determining whether the fracture is healed, unhealed or infected, conclusions can be made regarding the availability of medical care and the accommodation of injured individuals within the community (Steinbock, 1976;Kilgore et al, 1997;Neri & Lancellotti, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma and amputations in 19th century miners from Kimberley, South Africa

Merwe

Steyn

L'Abbé

2009

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Trauma is the result of violent, accidental or therapeutic events that cause physical or psychological injury. The frequencies and types of trauma within a population can give important information regarding their lifestyle as well as the quantity and quality of medical care available to them. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of trauma in the Gladstone sample population with regards to the presence of interpersonal violence, a hazardous working environment, strenuous working requirements and the availability of medical care. The individuals studied here were diamond miners from Kimberley, dating to the late 19 th century. A total of 107 well preserved skeletons were excavated from unmarked graves after accidental discovery. This sample included 86 males, 15 females and 6 individuals of unknown sex. The majority of individuals (71%) were between 19 and 45 years of age. The remains were most likely those of migrant mine workers of low socio-economic status who had passed away at the local hospitals. All bones were visually assessed for macroscopic indications of traumatic bone alterations and compared to standard palaeopathological texts and photographs. A total of 27% (n = 28) of the individuals in the sample presented with well-healed, healing or perimortem fractures.Fractures to the skull encompassed 49% (n=20) of all the fractures that were observed. A total of six (6%) amputations were noted. Spondylolysis was observed in 7% (n = 7) of the individuals within the sample and longstanding subluxation was noted in two individuals.The high incidences of cranial fractures within this population are suggestive of high levels of interpersonal violence, while long bone fractures, spondylolysis and evidence of longstanding subluxations are indicative of the strenuous work requirements and the highrisk environment to which these individuals were exposed. When considering the presence of well-reduced fractures and healed amputations, it seems that adequate medical care was available to at least some members of this community.

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“…Such tibia and femur fractures usually take two to four months to heal and it is very difficult to stay in bed for that long. For these two reasons a significant proportion of untreated archaeological tibial and femoral shaft fractures heal at an abnormal angle, (Prokopec & Halman, 1999;Neri & Lancelotti, 2004), termed malunion.…”

Section: Medical Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trauma in the Crusader period city of Caesarea: a major port in the medieval eastern Mediterranean

Mitchell

2006

Intl J of Osteoarchaeology

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Caesarea is the first fortified city to undergo palaeopathological analysis of its Crusader period inhabitants. This study of the 12th and 13th century population aims to determine the major types of trauma present, whether from weapon injuries or accidents. Since the Crusades were known for the significant number of battles and raids that took place, weapon injuries were expected to be common. Thirteen cases of trauma are described and a highly unexpected pattern has come to light. These cases do not include one single example of weapon-related trauma. Every fracture is of a type expected from accidents or interpersonal violence without weapons. Possible explanations include the location of the city deep within Frankish territory and the robust city walls giving effective protection to the inhabitants, and also that the population were involved in activities that left them prone to accidents but not weapon injuries. The other important finding from this study was that the cases of lower limb long bone spiral fractures had healed in a near-anatomical alignment. This is not what we would expect, as a proportion of these injuries would normally have been unstable and tend to heal poorly aligned. The good position could have resulted from surgeons' use of splints to immobilise the bones while they healed. This suggestion is supported by laws of the kingdom of Jerusalem, which stated that surgeons were to be punished if they allowed such fractures to heal at an angle.

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Fractures of the lower limbs and their secondary skeletal adaptations: a 20th century example of pre‐modern healing

Cited by 11 publications

References 8 publications

Isoquinolin‐1‐one Inhibitors of the MDM2–p53 Interaction

Isoquinolin‐1‐one Inhibitors of the MDM2–p53 Interaction

Trauma and amputations in 19th century miners from Kimberley, South Africa

Trauma in the Crusader period city of Caesarea: a major port in the medieval eastern Mediterranean

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