1995
DOI: 10.2136/sh1995.1.0005
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Fragipans in Pennsylvania Soils

Abstract: Fragipans are a common feature in Pennsylvania, occurring in 30% of Pennsylvania' soils. These fragipans resist root penetration and are characterized by very coarse prismatic structure, firm to very firm brittle consistence, low permeability, bulk densities that are higher than overlying horizons, loamy textures, and a low organic matter content. An index of fragipan expression (weak, moderate, and strong), based on firmness, brittleness, permeability, resistance to root penetration, and strength, is proposed… Show more

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Cited by 37 publications
(57 citation statements)
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“…The current definition of a fragipan (Soil Survey Staff, 1996) is less ambig-uous for identification purposes, but still does not provide the quantitative criteria necessary to evaluate the degree of development (a morphological interpretation), and the phase of development (a time function). Ciolkosz et al (1995) defined classes of degree of expression of Pennsylvania fragipans on qualitative impressions of firmness, brittleness, apparent permeability as indicated by mottling, resistance to root penetration, and toughness or strength (resistance to digging or penetration).…”
Section: Degree Of Developmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The current definition of a fragipan (Soil Survey Staff, 1996) is less ambig-uous for identification purposes, but still does not provide the quantitative criteria necessary to evaluate the degree of development (a morphological interpretation), and the phase of development (a time function). Ciolkosz et al (1995) defined classes of degree of expression of Pennsylvania fragipans on qualitative impressions of firmness, brittleness, apparent permeability as indicated by mottling, resistance to root penetration, and toughness or strength (resistance to digging or penetration).…”
Section: Degree Of Developmentmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The time required for fragipan formation is a topic of interest in Pennsylvania because few fragipans in the northeast have been dated (Bilzi and Ciolkosz, 1977;Ciolkosz et al, 1995). Of particular interest is the time required for incipient stages of fragipan development since, according to Ciolkosz et al (1995), data available do not allow a strong extrapolation of the rate of development with regard to either thickness or degree of development.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…Fragipan shows low permeability which may lead to periodic water stagnation causing seasonal anaerobic conditions which favor reduction of iron oxides and their subsequent translocation and oxidation. Thus, it is very likely that ferrolysis may take place in Retisols containing a fragipan, because of the high bulk density and low porosity of the pan (e.g., Witty and Knox 1989;Lindbo et al 1994;Ciolkosz et al 1995;Szymański et al 2011). The seasonal stagnation of water within Retisols causes the bleaching of soil material indicating reduction and dissolution of iron oxides and their subsequent re-oxidation and immobilization in the form of iron nodules, concretions, soft masses, and pore linings (Cescas et al 1970;Schwertmann and Fanning 1976;Rhoton et al 1993;Zhang and Karathanasis 1997;Lindbo et al 2000;Dixon and White 2002;Szymański et al 2011Szymański et al , 2012Szymański et al , 2014Szymański and Skiba 2013).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%