Fragmentation of Cannabinoids by Flow Injection Analysis Tandem Mass Spectrometry (FIA–MS/MS)

Abstract

Background The analysis of plant material from Cannabis sativa L. has long been targeted on its main psychologically active metabolite, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In addition to the diverse plant composition and medicinal interest in several cannabinoids, these compounds may also be related to the different characteristics of samples sold illegally. Currently, it is indisputable that other cannabinoids should also be considered on cannabis assays. Mass spectrometry has been used to identify and characterize substances in the most different scenarios, and knowing the analyte fragmentation profile is essential for characterizing samples of unknown origin. Objective In this work, a flow injection analysis–tandem mass spectrometry (FIA–ESI-MS/MS) with electrospray ionization in positive and negative modes was used to evaluate the fragmentation profiles of eight cannabinoids commonly found in cannabis samples: THC, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ8-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerol (CBG), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA) and cannabinol (CBN). Methods By exploring the fragmentation data from mass spectrometry, the samples were classified using a chemometric model of partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Results When ESI in negative mode is used with adequate collision energies, it is possible to identify differences in the fragmentation of isomers. Based on that, chemometric tools were employed to classify different samples. The PLS-DA applied to FIA–ESI-MS/MS data yielded satisfactory classification. Conclusion Thus, the results presented can be applied as a preliminary tool in the analysis of unknown samples, guiding for more accurate investigations in terms of chemical composition. Highlights Study of the cannabinoid fragmentation pattern by flow injection mass spectrometry. Cannabinoids distinction by fragment spectra after negative electrospray ionization. Multivariate data analysis (PLS-DA) allowed to classify different cannabis samples.

EASY-FIA: A Readably Usable Standalone Tool for High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Metabolomics Data Pre-Processing

“…FIA-HRMS has thus become a technique for untargeted metabolomics applications in clinical studies, providing analysis of many samples and fast screening time, as is the case for critically ill patients where patient stratification is time-sensitive [ 20 ]. FIA-HRMS has been also used in archaeological samples [ 21 ], to discriminate between different kinds of cannabinoids present in cannabis samples [ 22 ], or to characterize eventual food adulterations [ 23 ].…”