Fragmented Peacekeeping: The African Union in Somalia

Albrecht, Peter; Haenlein, Cathy

doi:10.1080/03071847.2016.1152121

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

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“…67 The AU's largest peacekeeping operation to date has been its operation in Somalia, tasked with combating Al-Shabaab. The operation has been described as a successful model for peacekeeping collaboration between the global and the regional levels, 68 although it was costly in both financial, as well as in human terms, being the UN's deadliest mission to date, and costing, at its peak, approximately US$ 1 billion per year. 69 Coordination issues at the global, regional, and sub-regional levels again interfere with the ability of regional actors to effectively provide protection.…”

Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the UN justified its lack of direct action not on the grounds that the primary responsibility lay with regional actors; but on the basis that the situation on the ground was too volatile so as to make a UN operation feasible. 73 Nevertheless, the UN began to provide budgetary and technical support in 2010, which also coincided with a troop increase to 12,000 troops; and the UN Support Office for AMISOM received $ 1.5 billion in direct funding between 2009-14. 74 Without the UN's support, AMISOM would not have been able to support itself.…”

Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…73 Nevertheless, the UN began to provide budgetary and technical support in 2010, which also coincided with a troop increase to 12,000 troops; and the UN Support Office for AMISOM received $ 1.5 billion in direct funding between 2009-14. 74 Without the UN's support, AMISOM would not have been able to support itself. 75 While UN and bilateral donors' funding equipped AMISOM with the necessary resources it also resulted in a 'hollowing out' of the mission's force headquarters, with the AU no longer the principal actor with regard to operational command.…”

Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…75 While UN and bilateral donors' funding equipped AMISOM with the necessary resources it also resulted in a 'hollowing out' of the mission's force headquarters, with the AU no longer the principal actor with regard to operational command. 76 Again, this goes to show the importance of funding for the ability of the bodies associated with the protection regime to perform their respective roles. The creation of a Peace Fund forming part of APSA and which funds peace support operations through member state contributions has improved operational peacekeeping capacities, but the AU still lacks a full suite of multidimensional peacekeeping capacities, and a pattern has emerged whereby the UN turns to the AU as a first responder, responsible for peace enforcement, and then takes over operations in the post-conflict phase for tasks associated with stabilization and post-conflict peacebuilding.…”

Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The African Union and Human Protection: Towards a Regional Protection Regime

Crossley

2020

African Security

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A global discourse of protection and responsibility suggests that human protection norms have gained traction. Empirically, this coincides with an observed global reduction in violence. How does this relate to regional protection practices in Africa; is there a regional protection regime? If so, how is this regime constituted, and what does it comprise? Does it shape regional protection practices, and if so, in what ways? This article describes the origins of human protection norms in Africa and outlines the institutions they have given rise to, and then assesses the role of the protection regime in shaping regional practices. An analytical framework based on regime theory, that assumes that the emergence of institutions and consistent practice indicates the emergence of a regime, is employed. An empirical survey of institutions and practices suggests the development of a regional protection regime. However, the regional structures differ from, and compete with, pre-existing international structures. While the structural prerequisites for a regional protection regime are now in place, several factors interfere with the development of the regional protection regime. The article concludes with several observations. First, the incoherence of global and regional structures results in contradictions and duplication among institutions. Second, a lack of agency of local actors, owing to limited resources and understaffing, inhibits consistent protective responses. Third, resistance by some regional agents to the norms underpinning the protection regime. However, incoherence, inconsistency, and hypocrisy are common features of regimes. Consequently, the fact that the African human protection regime is characterized by incoherence, inconsistency, and hypocrisy undermines neither its significance, nor its ability to shape practice and promote human protection.

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Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Peacekeeping and Humanitarian Reliefmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The African Union and Human Protection: Towards a Regional Protection Regime

Crossley

2020

African Security

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“…In this case, the combination of a weak central command and partisan personnel from selfinterested TCCs led to a fragmentation of effort at the operational-level, which led to the pursuit of policies that were completely contradictory to overall operational objectives. See Albrecht (2015) and Albrecht and Haenlein (2016). develop a definition of peacekeeper quality must therefore be able to take these policy preferences into account, particularly when dealing with a topic that is as controversial as the management of on-going violence.…”

Section: What Is Quality?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does quality matter? An evaluation of the relationship between United Nations peacekeepers and civil war violence

Winchester¹

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Why are some groups of peacekeepers more effective at managing civil war violence than others? Existing studies of operational effectiveness have focused on the quantity, profession, and geographic location of deployed personnel and have suggested that each of these is independently important. However, the relationship, if any, between the quality of UN peacekeepers and their ability to manage on-going violence remains critically understudied. To address this gap, this study begins by developing a novel definition of "peacekeeper quality" that consists of two key factors: professional capabilities and a willingness to act. It then evaluates the extent to which variation in peacekeeper quality contributes to operational effectiveness, at both the state-level and the local-level. I argue that higher quality peacekeepers are more effective than lower quality peacekeepers because they have an easier time coercing local conflict actors. To test this argument, I use an explanatory sequential methodology -a form of mixed-method research that uses qualitative data to help interpret the results of a primarily quantitative study. It starts with a cross-national analysis of all intrastate conflicts in sub-Saharan Africa from 1991-2017 to determine if variation in average operational quality affects the severity of violence at the state-level. It then proceeds to a geographically disaggregated analysis of three peacekeeping operations located in sub-Saharan Africa from 2010-2017 to determine if variation in the average quality of individual groups of peacekeepers affects the severity of violence at the local-level. Finally, it presents a process-tracing case study of MINUSCA's intervention in CAR from 2014-2018 that examines both overall trends and discrete conflict episodes. In short, this dissertation shows how and why peacekeeper quality matters. Specifically, it shows that the UN's highest quality peacekeepers are its iii most effective, that the quantity of peacekeepers continues to affect violence when controlling for quality and that peacekeepers are better at protecting civilians from harm than they are at managing battlefield violence. As a result, future attempts to evaluate the relationship between peacekeepers and violence, or to improve the UN's operational effectiveness, should also account for the role played by peacekeeper quality.iv

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Power, politics and perception: the impact of foreign policy on civilian–peacekeeper relations

Newby

2017

Third World Quarterly

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Fragmented Peacekeeping: The African Union in Somalia

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

The African Union and Human Protection: Towards a Regional Protection Regime

The African Union and Human Protection: Towards a Regional Protection Regime

Does quality matter? An evaluation of the relationship between United Nations peacekeepers and civil war violence

Power, politics and perception: the impact of foreign policy on civilian–peacekeeper relations

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