Fragmented Pictures Revisited: Long-Term Changes in Repetition Priming, Relation to Skill Learning, and the Role of Cognitive Resources

Kennedy, James L.; Rodrigue, Karen M.; Raz, Naftali

doi:10.1159/000098029

Cited by 11 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Our results suggest that reconsolidation processes may operate best when an observer has a stronger original memory to rely on, as it is better able to assimilate newly encountered information. This is consistent with previous research, which has shown that after an initial exposure with a line drawing of a fragmented object, less information is needed to correctly identify that same object during a future test (Kennedy et al 2007).…”

Section: Clarifying Integration Mechanisms In Memorysupporting

confidence: 92%

Properties of visual episodic memory following repeated encounters with objects

Schurgin

Flombaum

2018

Learn. Mem.

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A person sees an object once, and then seconds, minutes, hours, days, or weeks later, she sees it again. How is the person's visual memory for that object changed, improved, or degraded by the second encounter, compared to a situation in which she will have only seen the object once? The answer is unknown, a glaring lacuna in the current understanding of visual episodic memory. The overwhelming majority of research considers recognition following a single exposure to a set of objects, whereas objects reoccur regularly in lived experience. We therefore sought to address some of the more basic and salient questions that are unanswered with respect to how repetition affects visual episodic memory. In particular, we investigated how spacing between repeated encounters affects memory, as well as variable input quality across encounters and changes in viewed orientation. Memory was better when the spacing between encounters was larger, and when a first encounter with an object supplied high quality input (compared to low quality input first, followed later by higher quality input). These experiments lay a foundation for further understanding how memory changes, improves, and degrades over the course of experience.

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Section: Clarifying Integration Mechanisms In Memorysupporting

confidence: 92%

Properties of visual episodic memory following repeated encounters with objects

Schurgin

Flombaum

2018

Learn. Mem.

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“…This hypothesis was tested in the present study by assessing priming for unfamiliar objects at four different delays: subjects were tested for one set of items encoded immediately before the test phase and for a second set of items encoded either 20 min, 90 min, or 1 week before the test phase. In addition, the present study tested whether priming in older adults decreases more rapidly over time than in young adults, as has been suggested by some studies (Kennedy et al, 2007; Wiggs, Weisberg, & Martin, 2006; but see Mitchell, Brown, & Murphy, 1990 for a similar decrease in young and older subjects).…”

mentioning

confidence: 84%

Priming of familiar and unfamiliar visual objects over delays in young and older adults.

Soldan¹,

Hilton²,

Cooper³

et al. 2009

Psychology and Aging

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Although priming of familiar stimuli is usually age invariant, little is known about how aging affects priming of pre-experimentally unfamiliar stimuli. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of aging and encoding-to-test delays (0 min, 20 min, 90 min, and 1 week) on priming of unfamiliar objects in block-based priming paradigms. During the encoding phase, subjects viewed pictures of novel objects (Experiments 1 and 2) or novel and familiar objects (Experiment 3) and judged their left/right orientation. In the test block, priming was measured using the possible/impossible objectdecision test (Experiment 1), symmetric/asymmetric object-decision test (Experiment 2), and real/ non-real object-decision test (Experiment 3). In Experiments 1 and 2, young adults showed priming for unfamiliar objects at all delays, whereas older adults whose baseline task performance was similar to that of young adults did not show any priming. Experiment 3 found no effects of age or delay on priming of familiar objects; however, priming of unfamiliar objects was only observed in the young subjects. This suggests that when older adults cannot rely on pre-existing memory representations, age-related deficits in priming can emerge. KeywordsPerceptual priming; aging; unfamiliar visual objects; implicit memory; object decision test It is well known that normal aging is accompanied by a reduction in explicit memory, or the ability to consciously recall or recognize previously experienced information (Cabeza, Nyberg, & Park, 2005). In contrast, another type of memory, priming, remains relatively intact in healthy older adults (D. A. Fleischman, 2007;D.A. Fleischman & Gabrieli, 1998;Light, Prull, La Voie, & Healy, 2000). Priming is a type of implicit memory and refers to a change in performance (e.g., speed, accuracy, or bias) for a previously encountered stimulus compared to a new stimulus. Priming can occur in the absence of conscious memory for a stimulus and NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript is thought to rely on different neural structures than explicit memory (reviewed in Henson, 2003).Notably, one important theoretical question that has received very little attention in studies of priming is whether intact priming in older adults relies on the existence of pre-existing memory representations. Whereas priming for familiar stimuli is largely based on the reactivation of existing memory representations, priming for novel stimuli has been suggested to be mediated by newly acquired representations (Bowers, 1994(Bowers, , 1996Henson, Shallice, & Dolan, 2000;Schacter, Cooper, & Delaney, 1990). Of the over 100 studies investigating the effects of aging on priming, we are aware of only six studies that used pre-experimentally unfamiliar stimuli (Keane, Wong, & Verfaellie, 2004;Light, Kennison, Prull, LaVoie, & Zuellig, 1996;Light, La Voie, & Kennison, 1995;Schacter, Cooper, & Valdiserri, 1992;Soldan, Gazes, Hilton, & Stern, 2008;Wiggs & Martin, 1994) and all but two them Soldan, Gazes et a...

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“…In summary, basic repetition effects on both behavior and brain activation appear to be largely preserved with age, although these effects may be numerically smaller or not as long lasting (Wiggs et al 2006). For example, Kennedy, Rodrigue, and Raz (2007) found that both young and old adults showed priming effects for fragmented pictures on an immediate test, but only young adults retained these benefits at a five-year followup test (see the section on motor learning for similar findings in a mirror-writing task (Rodrigue et al, 2005)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Aging, Training, and the Brain: A Review and Future Directions

et al. 2009

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As the population ages, the need for effective methods to maintain or even improve older adults' cognitive performance becomes increasingly pressing. Here we provide a brief review of the major intervention approaches that have been the focus of past research with healthy older adults (strategy training, multi-modal interventions, cardiovascular exercise, and process-based training), and new approaches that incorporate neuroimaging. As outcome measures, neuroimaging data on intervention-related changes in volume, structural integrity, and functional activation can provide important insights into the nature and duration of an intervention's effects. Perhaps even more intriguingly, several recent studies have used neuroimaging data as a guide to identify core cognitive processes that can be trained in one task with effective transfer to other tasks that share the same underlying processes. Although many open questions remain, this research has greatly increased our understanding of how to promote successful aging of cognition and the brain.

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Fragmented Pictures Revisited: Long-Term Changes in Repetition Priming, Relation to Skill Learning, and the Role of Cognitive Resources

Cited by 11 publications

References 90 publications

Properties of visual episodic memory following repeated encounters with objects

Properties of visual episodic memory following repeated encounters with objects

Priming of familiar and unfamiliar visual objects over delays in young and older adults.

Aging, Training, and the Brain: A Review and Future Directions

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