Frame Coating of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in Collagen on PET Fibers for Artificial Joint Ligaments

Abstract

The coating formation technique for artificial knee ligaments was proposed, which provided tight fixation of ligaments of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers as a result of the healing of the bone channel in the short-term period after implantation. The coating is a frame structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) in a collagen matrix, which is formed by layer-by-layer solidification of an aqueous dispersion of SWCNT with collagen during spin coating and controlled irradiation with IR radiation. Quantum mechanical method SCC DFTB, with a self-consistent charge, was used. It is based on the density functional theory and the tight-binding approximation. The method established the optimal temperature and time for the formation of the equilibrium configurations of the SWCNT/collagen type II complexes to ensure maximum binding energies between the nanotube and the collagen. The highest binding energies were observed in complexes with SWCNT nanometer diameter in comparison with subnanometer SWCNT. The coating had a porous structure—pore size was 0.5—6 μm. The process of reducing the mass and volume of the coating with the initial biodegradation of collagen after contact with blood plasma was demonstrated. This is proved by exceeding the intensity of the SWCNT peaks G and D after contact with the blood serum in the Raman spectrum and by decreasing the intensity of the main collagen bands in the SWCNT/collagen complex frame coating. The number of pores and their size increased to 20 μm. The modification of the PET tape with the SWCNT/collagen coating allowed to increase its hydrophilicity by 1.7 times compared to the original PET fibers and by 1.3 times compared to the collagen coating. A reduced hemolysis level of the PET tape coated with SWCNT/collagen was achieved. The SWCNT/collagen coating provided 2.2 times less hemolysis than an uncoated PET implant. MicroCT showed the effective formation of new bone and dense connective tissue around the implant. A decrease in channel diameter from 2.5 to 1.7 mm was detected at three and, especially, six months after implantation of a PET tape with SWCNT/collagen coating. MicroCT allowed us to identify areas for histological sections, which demonstrated the favorable interaction of the PET tape with the surrounding tissues. In the case of using the PET tape coated with SWCNT/collagen, more active growth of connective tissue with mature collagen fibers in the area of implantation was observed than in the case of only collagen coating. The stimulating effect of SWCNT/collagen on the formation of bone trabeculae around and inside the PET tape was evident in three and six months after implantation. Thus, a PET tape with SWCNT/collagen coating has osteoconductivity as well as a high level of hydrophilicity and hemocompatibility.

Biocompatible SWCNT Conductive Composites for Biomedical Applications

“…Among other biomedical applications and due to their electrical conductivity and elastic properties, SWCNT-based nanocomposites can be used in the form of thin films, e.g., as deformation sensors applied to a human skin [ 53 ], for a cell proliferation [ 54 ], a tissue regeneration [ 55 ], or substrates for cells stimulation devices [ 56 ]. Therefore, in order to demonstrate the potential of our composite layers for thin films biological applications, we immobilized fibroblasts on different composites mixed with 0.45 wt.% nanotubes.…”

Electrically Conductive Networks from Hybrids of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Created by Laser Radiation

“…In this case, bonding of MWCNTs with each other and with graphene occurs as in the case of SWCNT, only mainly in the outer walls region. We have previously proposed mechanisms for welding SWCNT together [ 68 , 84 , 85 ]. In these works, modeling of contact formation of various topologies between SWCNTs with different types of defects is presented.…”

Carboxyl Functionalization of N-MWCNTs with Stone–Wales Defects and Possibility of HIF-1α Wave-Diffusive Delivery

“…Currently, single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs, MWCNTs) are widely used in biomedicine for clinical diagnostics (electroencephalography, electrocardiography, electromyography) and for tissue engineering [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The use of defect-free CNTs is limited by their weak solubility, short half-life, immunogenicity, toxicity, etc.…”