Frameless stereotaxy in the nonhuman primate

An MRI based average macaque monkey stereotaxic atlas and space (MNI monkey space)

“…Stereotaxic paper atlases or stereotaxic coordinates from the interaural plane have also been used to guide placement of electrodes, cannulae or other probes into the brain for use in electrophysiological, or anatomical tracer injection studies, as well as making lesion in particular parts of the brain (Hampson et al, 2004;Lévesque and Parent, 2005;Saunders et al, 1990;Malkova et al, 1997;Murray and Mishkin, 1998). However, the extrapolation of 2D information from a particular atlas to a given animal's brain without neuronavigation techniques or registration procedures (Frey et al, 2004) is often difficult to accomplish. Furthermore, there is considerable variability across individual monkey brains and it is essential to have a method for locating anatomical differences amongst animals (functional or structural) while simultaneously preserving the established relationship between brain structures.…”

MRI-guided stereotaxic targeting in pigs based on a stereotaxic localizer box fitted with an isocentric frame and use of SurgiPlan computer-planning software

“…Maciunas and Galloway (1989), has previously described how a modified Brown-Roberts-Wells MRI compatible stereotaxic frame coupled with CT or MRI could be used in dog-based brain tumor experimentation, while similar rectilinear MRI-based stereotaxic procedures have been performed in monkeys aided by computerized image analysis (Subramanian et al, 2005). Use of frame-less stereotaxy in the non-human primate coupled with use of the clinical software (Brainsight Frameless, Rogue Research Inc.) giving a precision less than 1.2 mm has, likewise, been described by Frey et al (2004). Our device differs, because it is adapted for high-precision isocentric stereotaxy and uses a widely available clinical surgical planning system (SurgiPlan, Elekta AB, Sweden).…”

Validation of a magnetic resonance imaging guided stereotactic access to the ovine brainstem

“…Mean weight of the heads was 2.96 ± 0.91 kg (1.92-4.62 kg). The stereotactic procedures were performed using the Brainsight TM frameless stereotactic system (Rogue Research Inc., Montreal, Canada) [36] with a modified bone implanted fiducial marker system [46,48,51,52]. After clipping of the coat and placement of the sheep head in the C-clamp, the fiducial marker post was fixed on the frontal bones caudal to one of the zygomatic processes to ensure that the registration markers were in different planes and not obstructing the surgical site.…”