“…The literature supplies some evidences about the consideration of technologies coming from the Industry 4.0 paradigm within supply chain activities with the aim of improving sustainability such as through the reduction of resource consumption and improvements in productivity (Stock and Seliger, 2016), leading overall business ecosystems to conceive the beginning of the fifth industrial revolution but without considering the relation among activities and their owners as a big frame of interconnections (Maddikunta et al , 2022). Over time, several authors (Bruzzone et al , 2009; Bukeviciute et al , 2009; Kayikci et al , 2020; Lu et al , 2019; Majdalawieh et al , 2021; Martínez-Guido et al , 2018; Nagurney, 2021; Nagurney et al , 2018; Singh et al , 2021; Tsolakis et al , 2014; Vats et al , 2019; Vlajic et al , 2018; van der Vorst et al , 2005; Yakovleva, 2007; Zhao and Dou, 2011) have focused on the analysis of the FSC, proposing several models which aim to explain its operation through the interaction of several characteristics (see section Results of the Systematic Literature Review: the 15 FSC models). Analysing these models emerged that some of them are focused on the productive model of circular economy (Martínez-Guido et al , 2018; Vats et al , 2019; Tsolakis et al , 2014; Vlajic et al , 2018), others consider general sustainability issues (Kayikci et al , 2020; Yakovleva, 2007) and others adopt technologies for different purposes (Kayikci et al , 2020; Majdalawieh et al , 2021; van der Vorst et al , 2005; Vats et al , 2019; Tsolakis et al , 2014).…”