Framing and counter-framing in online collective actions: the case of LGBT protests in a Muslim nation

Countering terrorism on social media: An analysis of online anti-terrorism movement in Indonesia

“…Twitter content analysis is a suitable method for this study as it enables researchers to analyze information or texts, including electronic content, such as tweets (Small, 2011). This technique has been widely applied to examine communication patterns (Oktavianus et al, 2023) and to observe public reactions during political and social events (Smith et al, 2018).…”

“…Therefore, this study randomly selected 10,000 tweets for further analysis using systematic sampling. This sampling method has been widely utilized by previous content analysis studies (e.g., Choi & McKeever, 2020; Oktavianus et al, 2023) and is known to yield a relatively accurate representation of the sample (Song & Chang, 2012).…”

“…Initially, a deductive approach was used to establish the coding scheme based on existing literature. Codes for message frames (i.e., diagnostic, prognostic, and motivational frames), sentiments (i.e., negative, positive, and neutral), and message sources were adopted from prior studies (Goh & Pang, 2016; LeFebvre & Armstrong, 2018; Oktavianus et al, 2023). Subsequently, the lead author selected 500 tweets for preliminary analysis and employed an inductive approach to openly code the tweets.…”

“…Another research on a protest against the Singaporean government on Facebook found that the organizers and the protestors commonly used motivational frames to evoke change and mobilization in the movement (Goh & Pang, 2016). An investigation in Indonesia also analyzed tweets of a protest against a company supporting the LGBT community and found that two competing groups of the public utilized different framing strategies (Oktavianus et al, 2023). The protesters mainly used motivational frames to spur participation, while the counter-protesters predominantly posted messages with diagnostic frames.…”

“…However, the #KamiTidakTakut movement is different from the movements in previous studies, as this collective action focuses on defending the country or the government against outsider threats and building public resilience post terrorist attacks. Understanding the collective action frames used during the #KamiTidakTakut movement is crucial as it provides insights into the process of building shared concerns and solutions to the problems, as well as mobilizations of the participants, which are essential for establishing a successful movement (Oktavianus et al, 2023). Accordingly, building on the framework of collective action framing, this study aims to investigate how the participants utilized different frames and poses the following research question: RQ1: What are the message frames utilized by the participants in the tweets embedding the hashtag #KamiTidakTakut?…”