Framing enemies by the state television: delegitimization of anti-government protest participants during the first wave of the pandemic in Poland

Rak, Joanna

doi:10.1080/25739638.2021.2007601

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…According to the Institute for Media Monitoring, TVP Info fulfilled the unique role of the most opinion-forming state media during the Coronavirus crisis. At the same time, it worked as a powerful propaganda tool (Rak, 2021).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Civic Education for Democracy During Crisis : Measuring State Media Engagement

Rak¹,

Rezmer-Płotka²

2022

TNER

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Informed by a research problem of explaining the relationships between the specificity of civic education and public support for authoritarian politicians, this paper aims to propose and test an analytical tool for measuring media engagement in civic education. It contributes methodologically to studies on civic education by delivering a tool that applies to identify and trace state media’s efforts to shape either democratic or autocratic citizenship models. Thereby, it allows monitoring current challenges to civic education for democracy in individual countries. The test contributes empirically to the studies on state-orchestrated civic education by revealing civic education for autocracy in pandemic-driven Poland. It enriches the knowledge of the use of Polish state media by the anti-democratic ruling actors to maintain the status quo.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Civic Education for Democracy During Crisis : Measuring State Media Engagement

Rak¹,

Rezmer-Płotka²

2022

TNER

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“…Prawo i Sprawiedliwość) took power in 2015, it cannot be claimed that the relationship between the ruling elite and the police has changed significantly. However, the way the police are used for social protests has changed, especially during the pandemic (strike of entrepreneurs and during mass protests of the National Women's Strike - Rak, 2021a;Rak, 2021b;Szczepaniak, 2022). Thus, the police is treated in the public consciousness as an institution subordinate to the ruling party to a greater extent than in previous periods.…”

Section: Pp 4 '22mentioning

confidence: 99%

Police In-Between Apoliticality and Politicality

Bäcker

2023

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The paper aims to construct a theoretical tool that allows for possible precise location of relations between the police and the ruling elite in a given country. Their relationship is between the ideal types of apoliticality and politicality. The five stages of the relationship between the ruling elite and the bureaucracy on a continuum between the ideal type of the apolitical Weberian bureaucracy and its antinomic ideal type of politicised system of patronage can be arranged as follows: self-regulation, personal independence, uncertainty, loyalty, and enhanced loyalty. The empirical usefulness test of these stages scheme consisting in the case study of one state characterised by a large range of autocratic and democratic regimes evolution (thus post-war Poland) was positive. Relations between the police, or more precisely: the Citizens’ Militia, in the period of the Polish People’s Republic can be defined as being at the stage of enhanced, double loyalty. In the period of the Third Polish Republic, relations between the police and the ruling elites can be placed at the fourth stage – loyalty. The few attempts to change this type of relationship and move to the stage of self-regulation or personal independence remained at the level of ineffective and temporary attempts at best.

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“…However, they have limited explanatory power because widespread soft, overt and hidden hard repressions cannot be viewed as efficient deterrents to social involvement for women's rights and the activity of the protest movements in Poland. Despite the ridicule, stigmatization, and silencing (Marx Ferree, 2004) of participants and leaders of the movements, they remained active (Rak, 2021a). Institutional repression, for example, at workplaces, was no more effective.…”

Section: Literature Review and Theoretical Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Morally Injurious Events on the Dynamics of Mobilization for Women’s Rights in Poland

Rak

2022

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Why did the registration of the Gals for Gals name as a trademark and the publication of the Constitutional Tribunal’s ruling stop the largest protest movements for women’s rights in democratic Poland despite unaccomplished goals? What was the source of the 2018 and 2021 demobilization acts and subsequent waves of non-mobilization? Drawing on the theory of moral injury and narrative research methodology, this article aims to account for the determinants of the Gals for Gals’ and the All-Poland Women’s Strike’s demobilization and the lack of mobilization. The main argument is that during the fight for women’s rights, a part of Polish society involved in civic activity experienced two severe traumas. Each of the two waves of mobilization ended in a moral injury development. In both cases, a moral injury involved the loss of trust in self and others. Moreover, in both cases, the moral injuries were so severe that they turned out long-lasting. At the stage of the cognitive dissonance, there were no attempts to resolve it. In other words, activists did nothing to prevent cognitive dissonance from turning into a moral injury. In the first case, it may indicate the organizational and emotional immaturity of activists. In turn, the second case may indicate the weakening of civil society, building Poland’s political culture of withdrawal and submission.

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Framing enemies by the state television: delegitimization of anti-government protest participants during the first wave of the pandemic in Poland

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Civic Education for Democracy During Crisis : Measuring State Media Engagement

Civic Education for Democracy During Crisis : Measuring State Media Engagement

Police In-Between Apoliticality and Politicality

The Impact of Morally Injurious Events on the Dynamics of Mobilization for Women’s Rights in Poland

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