“…Germany, after a long legal battle, has finally recognized the JWs, even though it has an official position critical of new religious groups such as Scientology (Beckford, 1985;Besier, 2015;Richardson and Van Driel, 1994;Seiwert, 2004), Meanwhile, Scientology has achieved major court victories in Italy and in the United Kingdom (Richardson, 2009;Roux, 2021). And France has allowed JW chaplains within the prison system (Béraud, 2020), even as it circumscribes the wearing of religious garb for Muslims (Lykes and Richardson, 2014).…”