In patients with haemophilia, it is consensual that all routine vaccinations should be given at the appropriate time following national guidelines. 1,2 However, whether these should be administered using the intramuscular or subcutaneous route is still under debate as there is a challenging risk-benefit balance in this specific population. In France, the consensus is to perform all vaccinations by the subcutaneous route for all haemophiliacs. The risk associated with intramuscular injection is the development of intramuscular bleeding leading to factor exposure and potential inhibitor risk, 1,2 whereas subcutaneous injection increases the risk of local side effects (oedema, erythema, itching and granuloma formation) in particular for adjuvant-containing vaccines. [3][4][5] In addition, there is ongoing debate regarding vaccine immunogenicity and tolerability with this alternate route of administration; for example, immunogenicity appears to be decreased in case of subcutaneous injection as reflected by significantly lower seroconversion rates and more rapid decay of antibody response. [3][4][5] This may be in relation to the poor vascularity of this localization that may result in slow mobilization and processing of antigen presentation. [3][4][5][6] Recent data may modify this risk-benefit balance. Last year, the European Pediatric Network for Haemophilia Management (PedNet) group found no association between vaccinations given shortly before or after FVIII exposure (48 hours before and 24 hours after) and inhibitor development in previously untreated patients (before 75 EDs); in this study, it is of note that among 375 children with severe haemophilia, the route of administration was intramuscular for 18.9% of patients, subcutaneously for 74.0%, and unknown for 6.9%. 7 The occurrence of inhibitor remains the primary concern of physicians when haemophilia is diagnosed, in particular, if severe or moderate. The choice of the subcutaneous route may thus limit haemorrhagic complications and early use of antihaemophilic treatment. However, we know that some countries (such as France) are currently facing vaccine hesitancy or vaccine refusal leading to a resurgence of pertussis and measles, 8 but also to insufficient herd immunity to protect haemophilic patients with potentially lower seroconversion rates after subcutaneous vaccination.We, therefore, decided to evaluate the development of intramuscular haematoma requiring factor infusion in case of intramuscular vaccination in severe and moderate (<2%) haemophilic patients. The population of the present study was composed of patients included in the national haemophiliac cohort (FranceCoag) by the haemophilia care centres of Bordeaux, Lille, Lyon and Marseille; FranceCoag is a national prospective cohort of patients with inherited coagulation factor deficiencies. 9 We included all haemophilic patients, with factor VIII or IX <2%,The exclusion criteria were a diagnosis of haemophilia made before 2 months of age (age of first vaccine administration in France) and/ or t...