Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections

Sadelhoff, Joris H J van; Wiertsema, Selma P.; Garssen, Johan; Hogenkamp, Astrid

doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01007

Cited by 54 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 206 publications

(250 reference statements)

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“…Whey accounts for 50 to 80 percent of the protein content in BM, depending on the stage of production (24). There are over 20 different amino acids found in breast milk, such as free amino acids (FAAs) (47). These amino acids play a role in infant immune development.…”

Section: Human Milk Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having

2022

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A mother is gifted with breast milk, the natural source of nutrition for her infant. In addition to the wealth of macro and micro-nutrients, human milk also contains many microorganisms, few of which originate from the mother, while others are acquired from the mouth of the infant and the surroundings. Among these microbes, the most commonly residing bacteria are Staphylococci, Streptococci, Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. These microorganisms initiate and help the development of the milk microbiota as well as the microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract in infants, and contribute to developing immune regulatory factors such as cytokines, growth factors, lactoferrin among others. These factors play an important role in reducing the risk of developing chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, asthma and others later in life. In this review, we will summarize the known benefits of breastfeeding and highlight the role of the breast milk microbiota and its cross-talk with the immune system in breastfed babies during the early years of life.

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Section: Human Milk Nutrientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having

2022

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“…Therefore, they will improve the function of the intestinal barrier and influence the development of immune cells. They have also been found to exert anti-inflammatory effects and modify the intestinal microbiota, which could play a role in allergic sensitization [199]. The findings that relate glutamate and glutamine levels with child anthropometry are also surprising, they are positively associated with increased height and weight in infants [200].…”

Section: Free Amino Acids (Faas)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast Milk: A Source of Functional Compounds with Potential Application in Nutrition and Therapy

et al. 2021

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Breast milk is an unbeatable food that covers all the nutritional requirements of an infant in its different stages of growth up to six months after birth. In addition, breastfeeding benefits both maternal and child health. Increasing knowledge has been acquired regarding the composition of breast milk. Epidemiological studies and epigenetics allow us to understand the possible lifelong effects of breastfeeding. In this review we have compiled some of the components with clear functional activity that are present in human milk and the processes through which they promote infant development and maturation as well as modulate immunity. Milk fat globule membrane, proteins, oligosaccharides, growth factors, milk exosomes, or microorganisms are functional components to use in infant formulas, any other food products, nutritional supplements, nutraceuticals, or even for the development of new clinical therapies. The clinical evaluation of these compounds and their commercial exploitation are limited by the difficulty of isolating and producing them on an adequate scale. In this work we focus on the compounds produced using milk components from other species such as bovine, transgenic cattle capable of expressing components of human breast milk or microbial culture engineering.

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“…Diarrhea is a frequent symptom in coronavirus-induced diseases such as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), to which the incidence reaches up to 73%, and it is also the most important inducer of infantile death (Turin & Ochoa, 2014;Wong et al, 2020). However, the SARS-CoV virus can replicate better in the intestinal cells when compared to SARS-CoV-2, indicating the reason why diarrhea is more usual in CoV infections (Chu et al, 2020).…”

Section: Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other disorders such as colitis and Crohn's disease have been also related to the low tryptophan intake in humans (Beeken, 1976; Clayton et al, 1991). Besides tryptophan, glutamate and glutamine are also associated with protection against infections in early life (van Sadelhoff et al, 2020). Other authors suggest a possible link between COVID‐19 and gut dysbiosis due to the presence of GI bacteria in the lungs of COVID‐19‐positive patients and the onset of SARS (Dhar & Mohanty, 2020; He, Ren, et al, 2020; He et al, 2020).…”

Section: Breastmilk Composition and Its Antimicrobial Rolementioning

confidence: 99%

Breastfeeding importance and its therapeutic potential against SARS‐CoV‐2

2021

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During postnatal development, colostrum and breastmilk are sequentially the first sources of nutrition with protein components and bioactive molecules that confer protection and immunostimulatory function to the gut. Caseins, whey proteins, secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA), mucins, tryptophan, and growth factors are among milk‐borne elements that are directly important in the control of mucosa development and protection. Consequently, breastfeeding is associated with the low incidence of gastrointestinal inflammation and with the decrease in respiratory diseases during postnatal period. The novel coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) binds to angiotensin II‐converting enzyme (ACE2) on the cell membrane, allowing virus entrance, replication, and host commitment. ACE2 is expressed by different cell types, which include ciliated cells in the lungs and enterocytes in the intestine. Such cells are highly active in metabolism, as they internalize molecules to be processed and used by the organism. The disruption of ACE2 impairs leads to intestinal inflammation and decreased synthesis of serotonin, affecting motility. By reviewing the effects of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts in infants, and gut responses to breastfeeding interruption, we suggest that it is important to maintain breastfeeding during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, as it might be essential to protect newborns from gastrointestinal‐associated disorders and relieve disease symptoms.

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Free Amino Acids in Human Milk: A Potential Role for Glutamine and Glutamate in the Protection Against Neonatal Allergies and Infections

Cited by 54 publications

References 206 publications

Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having

Breast Milk: A Meal Worth Having

Breast Milk: A Source of Functional Compounds with Potential Application in Nutrition and Therapy

Breastfeeding importance and its therapeutic potential against SARS‐CoV‐2

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