Free and hidden fumonisins in Brazilian raw maize samples

Yeast and bacteria from ensiled high moisture maize grains as potential mitigation agents of fumonisin B1

“…When compared to total FB 1 levels (free FB 1 + matrix-associated FB 1 ), the amounts of matrix-associated FB 1 accounted for 26% in silage D and 40% in silages B and C. Similarly, in 2013 harvest mini-silos, matrix-associated FB 1 forms reached between 5% and 30% ( Table 2). These results were similar to previous reports 41,61 addressing whole plant maize silages and raw maize. In addition, the ratios of matrix-associated FB 1 to free FB 1 determined in 2011 and 2013 silages varied from 0.05 to 0.7 in contaminated non-fermented maize grains and never reached values higher than 1 as observed by Bryła et al 59 Indeed, the matrix-associated to free FB 1 ratios determined by the former authors in different maize based-food products including noodles, corn flakes and maize snacks ranged between 1.47 and 5.95.…”

“…Procedures based on an alkaline hydrolysis step have been proposed by several authors to estimate matrix‐associated FB 1 forms . According to Bryła et al , this alkaline hydrolysis produces a disruption of the primary and secondary structure of maize macromolecules involved in the toxin complexation and the release of the sequestered toxin, together with a cleavage of the FB 1 side chains and elimination of carboxylic groups that are potential sites of covalent modification.…”

Occurrence of Fusarium Mycotoxins in Cereal Crops and Processed Products (Ogi) from Nigeria

“…Hidden FB have been alleged to occur in processed products especially nixtamalised and thermally processed foods [52,53]. However, recent studies have revealed the occurrence of these toxins in unprocessed food products especially in raw maize samples [20,54] which suggest the possible transformation of FB to bound derivatives by natural phenomena due to plant metabolism [24]. The presence of hidden FB as observed in the current study may pose an additional health risk to consumers especially to the consumers of ogi analysed in this study.…”

“…Several studies on the occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-based products have reported the natural occurrence and co-occurrence of modified mycotoxins such as DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G), ZEN-4-glucoside (ZEN-14G), and α- and β-zearalenol-4-glucoside (α- and β-ZEL-4G) [5,19]. The possible underestimation of FB concentration in cereals and cereal-based products as a result of presences of hidden FB has been demonstrated [20,21,22]. Hidden FB cannot be directly analysed as they have to be released from the matrix into extractable form (hydrolysed FB) by sample treatment often by alkaline hydrolysis [23,24].…”

Influência da qualidade micotoxicológica e nutricional de híbridos de milho no custo da ração de frangos de corte

“…2). A dose de inclusão de aditivo antimicotoxinas (AAM) foi calculada proporcionalmente ao nível de concentração micotoxicológica de cada híbrido após o ajuste das FUM para fumonisinas totais, que são a soma das fumonisinas livres (FUM) e das fumonisinas ocultas, conforme a equação proposta por Oliveira et al (2015): fumonisinas totais (mg/kg) = (0,8583+0,5615*FUM) 2 . Em seguida, a dose de AAM foi calculada na proporção de 2,5kg de AAM/t de ração para cada 10.000µg/kg de fumonisinas totais, acrescida da proporção de 2,5kg de AAM/t de ração para cada 28µg/kg de AFLA.…”