Free-electron lasers

Internal Energies of Ion-Sputtered Neutral Tryptophan and Thymine Molecules Determined by Vacuum Ultraviolet Photoionization

“…The relatively low VUV-SNMS signal is a direct result of the limited flux of the quasi-cw (500 MHz) synchrotron source, coupled with the fact that majority of the photons are not used as the instrument operates at 1-10 kHz repetition rate; this highlights the need for a higher peak power next generation light source. 37,38 Analysis shows that the organic samples have a neutral desorption yield of ~80 thymine molecules …”

Non-linear processes in the interaction of atoms and molecules with intense EUV and X-ray fields from SASE free electron lasers (FELs)

“…The latter FEL has a so-called low current mode of operation that provides pulses with a duration of 1 -4 fs. The interested reader can find comprehensive information on the underlying theory, design and operation of short wavelength FELs in a number of reviews and overviews [6,7,8,9,10] while descriptions of the broader range of experiments possible in AMO physics, condensed matter, imaging etc. carried out at FLASH can be found in references [11,12].…”

“…As mention in introduction, the SCSS test accelerator in Japan [4,20] provides linearly polarized EUV-FEL radiation (~ 30 µJ per pulse, ~100 fs pulse width, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] Hz repetition rate) in the wavelength region 51-62 nm at saturation. This energy regime is of particular interest because all atoms, except helium, in any forms of matter, can be ionized with huge photoionization cross sections.…”

Soft x-ray spectromicroscopy of environmental and biological samples

“…A short summary of the generation of synchrotron radiation is given here, based on the books of Attwood [8], Khan [104] and Bunker [36]. In a synchrotron, x-radiation is generated by accelerated charged particles, in the following the outline will restrict to electrons.…”