Free fatty acid effects on myokine production in combination with exercise mimetics

Abstract

The different response in IL6 versus IL15 regulation may be explained by their different energy-activating versus muscle-cell-hypertrophy suggested roles, considering that adrenaline and AMPK are involved in the activation of energy-generating pathways. Moreover, the results suggest FFAs are components that may regulate IL6 production and may have a role in muscle-adipose tissue crosstalk.

Leptin Rapidly Induces the Expression of Metabolic and Myokine Genes in C2C12 Muscle Cells to Regulate Nutrient Partition and Oxidation

“…We performed a time-sequential and dose-dependent model (similar to previous works [7,8]) of differentiated cultured muscle cells (C2C12) treated with leptin to characterize its effects on the expression of the strategic molecules described above. We describe here that leptin causes a rapid response of myocytes by inducing the expression of key genes involved in metabolic and fuel control (especially those codifying PGC1α, mCPT1, UCP3 and PDK4) and of the myokine IL6.…”

“…We have conducted previous studies with sequential models of gene expression analyses in vitro (analyzing the effects on muscle cells of free fatty acids either alone or in combination with exercise mimetics) and in vivo in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles (with fasting and refeeding) [7,8] where we have highlighted the rapid modulation of gene expression levels of key metabolic/signaling genes such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) gamma co-activator 1α (PGC1α), uncoupling protein (UCP) 3, pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) and interleukin (IL) 6. Interestingly, one important signal whose levels change in a time sequential mode with fasting and refeeding is circulating leptin [9], which is a primary signal (its decrease) in starvation [10].…”

Effects of exercise on brain functions in diabetic animal models

“…The risk factors listed above can be therapeutic targets to treat and ameliorate DM; thus, refinements using various animal exercise models can give new insights into the treatment of DM. It is well accepted that physical activity by contracting skeletal muscles (resistance exercise) secretes enhanced levels of myokines which have a beneficial endocrine effect on other organs, presenting novel targets for the treatment of metabolic diseases and T2DM [70][71][72]94] . Pedersen hypothesized that physical inactivity leads to T2DM, depression, dementia, cancers, cardiovascular diseases, and asserted that skeletal muscle should be considered as an endocrine organ [70] .…”

“…IL-6 is significantly produced and released in the post exercise period when insulin action is increased; on the other hand, IL-6 has also been associated with obesity and reduced insulin action. However, many researches during the past decade have reported that in response to muscle contraction, both type 1 and type 2 muscle fibers express the myokine IL-6, which subsequently exerts its effects locally and systemically in several organs [70][71][72] . Within skeletal muscle, IL-6 acts to signal via AMPK and/ or PI3-kinase to enhance glucose uptake and fat oxidation.…”

“…Recently many studies have shown the positive effects of regular physical activity on improving complications caused by DM, and hence regular physical activity intervention is regarded as a promising adjuvant therapy [7,37,[51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62] . Exercise can affect various physical environments and has decisive effects on improving brain functions for a better quality of life [7,[59][60][61][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72] .…”