Free-Living Amoebae Recovered from Human Stool Samples in Strongyloides Agar Culture

Abstract

Our laboratory in The Gambia, West Africa, performs Koga agar (1.5% bacteriological agar, 0.5% sodium chloride, 0.5% meat extract, 0.1% bacteriological peptone) culture for larvae of strongyle nematodes on human fecal samples for which parasitological investigation has been requested. We have recovered freeliving amoebae (FLA) from human fecal specimens on two occasions over a period of 9 months (representing 130 individual fecal cultures) on this agar (Fig. 1). The amoebae in both cases were identified as Hartmannella species based upon the morphology of trophozoites and cysts in agar culture ( Fig. 2) and their inability to enflagellate in distilled water after 8 h of incubation at 37°C. No other types of FLA have been recovered. Due to resource constraints, sequencing of the partial 18S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region could not be performed, and this identification must remain presumptive. Specimens were collected into sterile containers, and Koga culture plates were sterile and sealed with Parafilm prior to incubation at 30°C for 5 days; therefore, environmental contamination with FLA was very unlikely. Repeat specimens could not be obtained from subjects, and so it was not possible to determine if these findings represent transient passage of FLA or true intestinal colonization.It has been postulated that FLA provide a vehicle for bacterial pathogens to gain entry into the human respiratory tract (1). The possibility that free-living amoeba may have a similar role in the introduction of bacterial pathogens into the human intestinal tract (and particularly in defense against stomach acid during transit to the duodenum) should be further considered, given these findings. FLA are potential environmental reservoirs of several important pathogens of the human intestinal tract, including Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Campylobacter spp., and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (2-5). Specifically, due to the large infective dose of Vibrio cholerae (10 8 to 10 9 cells), it has been suggested that Acanthamoebae may act as both environmental hosts and intracellular multipliers of this organism, allowing it to grow sufficiently to be able to cause human infection (6).Human respiratory tract (7, 8) and urinary tract (9) colonization with Acanthamoeba spp. may occur. Recovery of FLA, including Hartmannella spp. from the intestinal tracts of rodents (10), reptiles (11), and fish and birds (12), has been previously reported. Only one previous reference in the literature describes the recovery of FLA from the human intestinal tract (13).The potential for transient passage or true colonization of the

Isolation of Vermamoeba vermiformis and associated bacteria in hospital water

“…In previous studies, similar results were reported [1,29], and this further justified the use of V. vermiformis for the co-culture experiments. Moreover, the recent isolation of Hartmannella species from the stools of Humans reinforced their role as Trojan horses for the transmission of pathogens [36]. Finally, recently, Kebbi-Beghdadi proposed that coculture using Acanthamoeba sp.…”

Giant Viruses of Amoebas: An Update

“…(Table 1 ; Figures 1 – 5 ; Reteno et al, 2015 ). The recovery of this virus from a sewage sample collected in Marseille, France, resulted from the implementation of a high-throughput strategy to isolate new giant viruses from environmental samples that included the use of five other protists, in addition to those from the genus Acanthamoeba , including Vermamoeba vermiformis , which appeared as the most common free-living protist in human environments (Bradbury, 2014 ). Faustovirus E12 was the prototype isolate to be described, then seven additional faustovirus isolates were recovered and their genomes sequenced (Reteno et al, 2015 ).…”

Role of amoebae for survival and recovery of ‘non-culturable’ Helicobacter pylori cells in aquatic environments

“… 2005 ). In addition to FLA being present in water systems, they have been identified within the gastrointestinal track of humans from the stomach to faeces (Thamprasert, Khunamornpong and Morakote 1993 ; Bradbury 2014 ), they are considered as an amphizoic organisms and live as parasites within host tissue (ability to live endozoically) (Page 1967 ; Jadin 1973 ; Martinez and Visvesvara 1997 ).…”

“…The selected FLA are, W. magna belonging to the Vahlkampfiidae family and Vermamoeba vermiformis , belonging to Vermamoebidae family and one of the most common free-living protists in human environments (de Moura et al . 1985 ; Bradbury 2014 ; Delafont et al . 2018 ).…”