Free Radical Photopolymerization of Multifunctional Monomers

Andrzejewska, Ewa

doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-35321-2.00004-2

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…As the concentration of cross-linker increases for a constant photo-initiator content, the probability increases for photo-initiator radicals to react with cross-linker monomer and thus potentially polymerize, explaining the higher conversion [45]. This can be observed from the increasing conversion of M1 to M4 and supports the stated hypothesis.…”

Section: Impact Of Cross-linker Contentsupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Therefore, the investigated radiation time range was shortened to 105 s. It was suggested that the efficiency of absorption of the incident radiation by the PhIn increases with the PhIn concentration, resulting in more radicals. A possible explanation, according to [24,45,[58][59][60], is that increasing the PhIn concentration results in a large amount of free radicals, which quickly generate a polymer network.…”

Section: Impact Of Photo-initiator Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Preparation of solvent resistant supports through formation of a semi-interpenetrating polysulfone/polyacrylate network using UV cross-linking – Part 1: Selection of optimal UV curing conditions

Mooter

Daems

Vankelecom

2019

Reactive and Functional Polymers

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Concerns of energy shortage and pollution, have rapidly increased the demand for efficient separation processes. In this respect, solvent resistant nanofiltration has become an emerging technology with great potential as an energy-efficient and waste-free separation method. Unfortunately, the lack of sufficient stability (especially chemical stability of the support) still restricts the utilization of this separation technique to the more mild industries, leaving several unexploited. As already detailed in part I of this research, one promising approach to increase the chemical stability of supports, used afterwards as starting point for the synthesis of thin film composite nanofiltration membranes, is crosslinking polymeric UF membranes by UV-irradiation. Whereas in the previous part, the 365 nm UV-LED light was selected as the best setup to achieve a high cross-linking efficiency at high throughputs, in this second part the impact of (non-)compositional parameters on the cross-linking efficiency was investigated. The most important parameters with the largest impact on the degree of conversion (DC) were shown to be the cross-linker content, the membrane thickness and the incorporation of a nonwoven support. Finally and more importantly, after curing the membranes did not only show enhanced solvent stabilities (viz. part I), they also exhibited greater physical strength while at the same time maintaining the retention at a similar level as the non-cured membrane clearly indicating their industrial importance.

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Section: Impact Of Cross-linker Contentsupporting

confidence: 74%

Section: Impact Of Photo-initiator Contentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of solvent resistant supports through formation of a semi-interpenetrating polysulfone/polyacrylate network using UV cross-linking – Part 1: Selection of optimal UV curing conditions

Mooter

Daems

Vankelecom

2019

Reactive and Functional Polymers

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“…Comparing acrylates and methacrylates can provide a better understanding of the practical chemistry observed in industrial processes. The photopolymerization of acrylates and methacrylates is very common in industry . In comparison, EB polymerization of acrylates is predominant in industry, and methacrylates are rarely used.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of monomer chemistry on radical formation and secondary reactions during electron‐beam polymerization

Thiher

Schissel²,

Jessop

2020

Journal of Polymer Science

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The vast majority of industrial electron‐beam (EB) polymerizations are initiated via radical mechanism. Because radicals drive EB polymerization, understanding their formation and secondary reactions can provide insight into polymerization kinetics and property development. Primary and initiating radicals were quantified by measuring G(R•) and G(M•), respectively, for various acrylate and methacrylate monomers. Monomer chemistry was shown to impact primary radical formation; however, increased primary radical concentration did not necessarily correlate to increased conversion. Despite exhibiting high values of G(R•), methacrylates achieved very little conversion and had G(M•) values near zero. Acrylates achieved much higher G(M•) values and rates of polymerization compared to their methacrylate counterparts. Additionally, the efficiency of primary radicals converting to initiating radicals, f(M•), for each acrylate monomer was shown to be a good predictor of the amount of gel fraction formed during polymerization. Understanding radical formation and secondary radical reactions can help guide the structure/processing conditions/properties relationships that are currently underdeveloped for EB reactions.

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“…Polymerization is an exothermal process and heat is released during the chain growth propagation [13,14]. This effect was exploited to follow the PBM CRP process by temperature measurements using thermocouples type K (OMEGA Engineering, Deckenpfronn, Germany).…”

Section: Pbm Controlled Radical Polymerization (Crp) Set-upmentioning

confidence: 99%

Viscosity Modification of Polymerizable Bicontinuous Microemulsion by Controlled Radical Polymerization for Membrane Coating Applications

et al. 2020

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Membrane modification is becoming ever more relevant for mitigating fouling phenomena within wastewater treatment applications. Past research included a novel low-fouling coating using polymerizable bicontinuous microemulsion (PBM) induced by UV-LED polymerization. This additional cover layer deteriorated the filtration capacity significantly, potentially due to the observed high pore intrusion of the liquid PBM prior to the casting process. Therefore, this work addressed an innovative experimental protocol for controlling the viscosity of polymerizable bicontinuous microemulsions (PBM) before casting on commercial ultrafiltration (UF) membranes. Prior to the coating procedure, the PBM viscosity modulation was carried out by controlled radical polymerization (CRP). The regulation was conducted by introducing the radical inhibitor 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl after a certain time (CRP time). The ensuing controlled radical polymerized PBM (CRP-PBM) showed a higher viscosity than the original unpolymerized PBM, as confirmed by rheological measurements. Nevertheless, the resulting CRP-PBM-cast membranes had a lower permeability in water filtration experiments despite a higher viscosity and potentially lower pore intrusion. This result is due to different polymeric structures of the differently polymerized PBM, as confirmed by solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) investigations. The findings can be useful for future developments in the membrane science field for production of specific membrane-coating layers for diverse applications.

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Free Radical Photopolymerization of Multifunctional Monomers

Cited by 28 publications

References 56 publications

Preparation of solvent resistant supports through formation of a semi-interpenetrating polysulfone/polyacrylate network using UV cross-linking – Part 1: Selection of optimal UV curing conditions

Preparation of solvent resistant supports through formation of a semi-interpenetrating polysulfone/polyacrylate network using UV cross-linking – Part 1: Selection of optimal UV curing conditions

The influence of monomer chemistry on radical formation and secondary reactions during electron‐beam polymerization

Viscosity Modification of Polymerizable Bicontinuous Microemulsion by Controlled Radical Polymerization for Membrane Coating Applications

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