Free Radical-Scavenging Capacities, Phenolics and Capsaicinoids in Wild Piquin Chili (Capsicum annuum var. Glabriusculum)

Abstract

The total phenolic compounds content, free radical-scavenging capacity and capsaicinoid content in populations of wild Piquin chili (C. annuum) were studied. Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from nine ecotypes were evaluated. High contents of phenolic compounds and free radical-scavenging capacities were observed for both extracts; however, the values that were found for the hydroalcoholic phase were substantially higher. LC-MS analysis allowed for the detection of 32 compounds, where apigenin-8-C-glucoside followed by vanillic acid 1-O-β-o-glucopyranosylester (Isomer I or II) and 7-ethoxy-4-methylcoumarin were the most widely distributed; they were found in more than 89% of the ecotypes. The diversity of identified phenolic compounds was different among ecotypes, allowing them to be distinguished by chemical diversity, free radical-scavenging capacities and heat Scoville units. The total capsaicinoid content was higher in Population I (23.5 mg/g DW) than in Populations II and III, which had contents of 15.3 and 10.7 mg/g DW, respectively. This variability could lead to phytochemical exploitation and the conservation of the natural populations of wild chili.

A review of the evolution in the research of antioxidants in olives and olive oil during the last four decades

“…From the analysis of the data reported in Table 2, it can be deduced that the ripening stage highly influenced capsaicinoids content in chiltepin peppers, since, independently of the seeds region, capsaicinoid content increased 5-6 times during maturation from an immature (green) to mature (red) fruit. Similar results have been reported for samples of green and red wild chiltepin pepper from Sonora (Montoya-Ballesteros et al, 2009), Coahuila (Reyes-Acosta et al, 2019) and Tamaulipas (Moreno-Ramírez et al, 2018). Little differences may be a product of the response of varieties of the same species that have grown under different abiotic conditions and that express differences in the phytochemical content, including capsaicinoid compounds.…”

“…The reported phenolic content for both seeds location and ripening stage are between the range of those reported for chiltepin peppers collected in different Mexican states. Total phenolic content of 250-500 mg GAE g −1 DM were reported for samples from Tamaulipas (Moreno-Ramírez et al, 2018), 34-54 mg GAE g −1 DM for samples from Coahuila (Reyes-Acosta et al, 2019) and 4.85 mg GAE g −1 DM for samples from Baja California (Rodríguez-Maturino et al, 2012). This wide difference in total phenolic content may be due not only to the conditions of handling the samples during their collection and commercialization, but also the influence of the geographical area in which the fruits grow.…”

Color for Life: Biosynthesis and Distribution of Phenolic Compounds in Pepper (Capsicum annuum)

“…Materska et al [121] studied two hot pepper cultivars, "Cyklon"and "Bronowicka Ostra", and two semi hot cultivars, "Tajfun" and "Tornado", at two different maturity states. Tundis et al [127] used the cultivars "Acuminatum" small and "Cerasiferum" and Moreno-Ramírez et al [116] studied the chili variety "Glabriusculum". Jeong et al [120] analyzed different genotypes from Capsicum annuum L. (CLCu, CLOg and CLST), whereas Jang et al [124] used "CM334" but different harvest times were analyzed in this study.…”

“…Only two isoflavones have been identified (but not quantified) to date in Capsicum fruits, namely genistein-4,7 -dimethyl ether and 6 -O-acetyl-daidzin [116].…”

A Review on the Geographical Distribution, Fruit Production and Concentration of Capsaicinoids in <em>Capsicum annuum</em> var. <em>glabriusculum</em> in the Northeastern Region of Mexico

“…Among the main uses of the chili in México are: Ceremonial: Used by curanderos in different ceremonies, such as "cleaning" referring to avoid the bad vibes and is commonly used as cure for evil eye [42]. It is used in ceremonial foods, rituals, and special parties, as for example with the Huicholes [46]. Medicinal: it is known that they were used by prehispanical ethic groups e.g.…”