Free radicals in brain metabolism and pathology

Evans, Peter H.

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072632

Cited by 405 publications

(172 citation statements)

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“…The brain has a relative high rate of oxidative metabolic activity and low levels of protective antioxidant enzymes, for example, catalase and GSH peroxidase (Evans, 1993). Under normal physiological conditions, oxidation of ascorbate into dehydroascorbate can be reduced by GSH.…”

Section: Cellular Antioxidant Defencementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequently, T cells and macrophages become activated and migrate into the lesion area. The important pathological mechanisms involved in MS include immunemediated inflammation (Owens, 2003), oxidative stress (Evans, 1993;Knight, 1997;Smith et al, 1999) and excitotoxicity (Matute et al, 2001). These mechanisms may all contribute to oligodendrocyte and neuronal damage and even cell death, hence promoting disease progression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids in multiple sclerosis

Meeteren¹,

Teunissen

Dijkstra

et al. 2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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Section: Cellular Antioxidant Defencementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidants and polyunsaturated fatty acids in multiple sclerosis

Meeteren¹,

Teunissen

Dijkstra

et al. 2005

Eur J Clin Nutr

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“…These compounds can exert a nonspecific buffering function during muscle performance; however, this property seems to be restricted to muscle tissue and plays only an accessory role in the overall potent buffering effect of cytosolic proteins/components (Boldyrev et al, 1988). On the other hand, it is well known that some physiological processes such as muscle performance and electrical conduction along nerve fibers involve free radical lipid peroxidation in biological membranes, and that skeletal muscle and brain are two of the tissues which have the most active oxidative metabolism (Vladimirov and Archakov, 1972;Evans, 1993). By contrast, these tissues do not possess very high concentrations of antioxidants vitamins E and C (Hornig, 1975;Kornbrust and Mavis, 1979).…”

Section: Antioxidant Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By contrast, these tissues do not possess very high concentrations of antioxidants vitamins E and C (Hornig, 1975;Kornbrust and Mavis, 1979). In particular, neurons contain very low levels of reduced glutathione, an antioxidant responsible for removal of cytosolic peroxides (Slivka et al, 1987), and their membranes contain a high proportion of freeradical-susceptible polyunsaturated fatty acids (see Evans, 1993). Interestingly enough, several studies demonstrated a significative antioxidant activity for carnosine-related dipeptides, both in muscle and brain tissue (see for example Boldyrev et al, 1987Boldyrev et al, , 1988Boldyrev et al, , 1997Kohen et al, 1988;Boldyrev, 1993).…”

Section: Antioxidant Effectmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain

Bonfanti

Peretto

Marchis

et al. 1999

Progress in Neurobiology

190

107

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-Carnosine and structurally related dipeptides are a group of histidine-containing molecules widely distributed in vertebrate organisms and particularly abundant in muscle and nervous tissue. Although many theories have been proposed, the biological function(s) of these compounds in the nervous system remains enigmatic. The purpose of this article is to review the distribution of carnosine-related dipeptides in the mammalian brain, with particular reference to some cell populations wherein these molecules have been demonstrated to occur very recently. The high expression of carnosine in the mammalian olfactory receptor neurons led to infer that this dipeptide could play a role as a neurotransmitter/modulator in olfaction. This prediction, which has not yet been fully demonstrated, does not explain the localization of carnosine-related dipeptides in other cell types, such as glial and ependymal cells. A recent demonstration of high carnosine-like immunoreactivity in the subependymal layer of rodents, an area of the forebrain which shares with the olfactory neuroepithelium the occurrence of continuous neurogenesis during adulthood, supports the hypothesis that carnosine-related dipeptides could be implicated in some forms of structural plasticity. However, the particular distribution of these molecules in the subependymal layer, along with their expression in glial/ependymal cell populations, suggests that they are not directly linked to cell migration or cell renewal. In the absence of a unified theory about the role of carnosine-related dipeptides in the nervous system, some common features shared by different cell populations of the mammalian brain which contain these molecules are discussed.

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“…Relative to other organs of body, the nervous system may be especially vulnerable to ROS-mediated injury due to a number of biochemical, physiological, and anatomical characteristics of neurons: high rate of oxidative metabolic activity, high concentration of readily oxidizable polyunsaturated fatty acids in membranes, endogenous generation of ROS by specific neurochemical reactions, high ratio of cell surface area to volume, neuroanatomical network vulnerable to disruption, and nonreplicating character of neuronal cells (7). The retina is a part of the central nervous system (CNS), and its injury from ROS has been implicated in several ophthalmologic diseases (6,16,26,36).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%