Free-Ranging Chickens in Households in a Periurban Shantytown in Peru—Attitudes and Practices 10 Years after a Community-Based Intervention Project

Martínez, Leonardo; Collazo, Gisela; Cabrera, Lilia; Bernabé‐Ortiz, Antonio; Ramos-Peña, Yasnina; Oberhelman, Richard A.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.12-0760

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A significant drop in poultry-raising was observed, and 81% of households no longer kept chickens in their homesteads. However, the majority of the participants (92.3%) would prefer to use corrals in poultry-raising, referencing the cleanliness of the home as the most common reason ( 253 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Benefits and Risks of Smallholder Livestock Production on Child Nutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Chen

Mechlowitz

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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Livestock production may improve nutritional outcomes of pregnant women and children by increasing household income, availability of nutrient-dense foods, and women's empowerment. Nevertheless, the relationship is complex, and the nutritional status of children may be impaired by presence of or proximity to livestock and their pathogens. In this paper, we review the benefits and risks of livestock production on child nutrition. Evidence supports the nutritional benefits of livestock farming through income, production, and women's empowerment. Increasing animal source food consumption requires a combination of efforts, including improved animal management so that herd size is adequate to meet household income needs and consumption and addressing sociocultural and gendered norms. Evidence supports the inclusion of behavior change communication strategies into livestock production interventions to facilitate the sustainability of nutritional benefits over time, particularly interventions that engage women and foster dimensions of women's empowerment. In evaluating the risks of livestock production, evidence indicates that a broad range of enteric pathogens may chronically infect the intestines of children and, in combination with dietary deficits, may cause environmental enteric dysfunction (EED), a chronic inflammation of the gut. Some of the most important pathogens associated with EED are zoonotic in nature with livestock as their main reservoir. Very few studies have aimed to understand which livestock species contribute most to colonization with these pathogens, or how to reduce transmission. Control at the point of exposure has been investigated in a few studies, but much less effort has been spent on improving animal husbandry practices, which may have additional benefits. There is an urgent need for dedicated and long-term research to understand which livestock species contribute most to exposure of young children to zoonotic enteric pathogens, to test the potential of a wide range of intervention methods, to assess their effectiveness in randomized trials, and to assure their broad adaptation and sustainability. This review highlights the benefits and risks of livestock production on child nutrition. In addition to identifying research gaps, findings support inclusion of poor gut health as an immediate determinant of child undernutrition, expanding the established UNICEF framework which includes only inadequate diet and disease.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…participants (92.3%) would prefer to use corrals in poultryraising, referencing the cleanliness of the home as the most common reason (253).…”

Section: Natural Fermentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Benefits and Risks of Smallholder Livestock Production on Child Nutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Chen

Mechlowitz

et al. 2021

Front. Nutr.

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“…Reducing contact with chicken faeces may be especially important, though the barriers to doing so could be substantial. Corralling chickens, for example, can incur added costs for feed and coop materials, and/or additional labour burdens—all of which may be difficult for low‐income families to bear (Harvey et al, ; Martinez et al, ). Corralling chickens may also concentrate pathogens, thus leading to greater infection (Oberhelman et al, ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Livestock ownership is associated with higher odds of anaemia among preschool‐aged children, but not women of reproductive age in Ghana

Jones

Colecraft

Awuah

et al. 2018

Maternal & Child Nutrition

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Livestock ownership may influence anaemia through complex and possibly contradictory mechanisms. In this study, we aimed to determine the association of household livestock ownership with anaemia among women aged 15–49 years and children aged 6–59 months in Ghana and to examine the contribution of animal source foods (ASFs) to consumption patterns as a potential mechanism mediating this association. We analysed data on 4,441 women and 2,735 children from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey and 16,772 households from the Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 6. Haemoglobin measurements were used to define anaemia (non‐pregnant women: <120 g/L; children: <110 g/L). Child‐ and household‐level ASF consumption data were collected from 24‐hour food group intake and food consumption and expenditure surveys, respectively. In multiple logistic regression models, household livestock ownership was associated with anaemia among children (OR, 95% CI: 1.5 [1.1, 2.0]), but not women (1.0 [0.83, 1.2]). Household ownership of chickens was associated with higher odds of anaemia among children (1.6 [1.2, 2.2]), but ownership of other animal species was not associated with anaemia among women or children. In path analyses, we observed no evidence of mediation of the association of household livestock ownership with child anaemia by ASF consumption. Ownership of livestock likely has limited importance for consumption of ASFs among young children in Ghana and may in fact place children at an increased risk of anaemia. Further research is needed to elucidate if and how pathogen exposure associated with livestock rearing may underlie this increased risk of anaemia.

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“…Among the 10 intervention studies identified, the only specific intervention evaluated by more than one study in the literature was corralling of poultry. 12,[28][29][30] One study revealed that children in households with corralled poultry were more likely to have Campylobacter-associated diarrhea than those who lived in households with free-roaming poultry (0.57 episodes per year vs 0.27 episodes per year, p¼0.006). 29 Another studied revealed that defecation by non-corralled chickens led to increased fecal contamination and increased feces-to-mouth episodes among children under 5 years old.…”

Section: D Zambrano Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

“…28 Two other studies examined attitudes to and the social acceptability of poultry corralling, but not the impact of corralling on diarrheal infection. 12,30…”

Section: D Zambrano Et Almentioning

confidence: 99%

Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Zambrano

Lévy

Menezes

et al. 2014

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

173

171

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Domestic animal husbandry, a common practice globally, can lead to zoonotic transmission of enteric pathogens. However, this risk has received little attention to date. This systematic review and meta-analysis examines the evidence for an association between domestic exposure to food-producing animals and cases of human diarrhea and specific enteric infections. We performed a systematic review of available literature to examine domestic livestock and poultry as risk factors for diarrhea and applied pre-determined quality criteria. Where possible, we carried out meta-analysis of specific animal-pathogen pairs. We found consistent evidence of a positive association between exposure to domestic food-producing animals and diarrheal illness across a range of animal exposures and enteric pathogens. Out of 29 studies included in the review, 20 (69.0%) reported a positive association between domestic animal exposure and diarrhea. Domestic exposure to poultry revealed a substantial association with human campylobacteriosis (OR 2.73, 95% CI 1.90-3.93). Our results suggest that domestic poultry and livestock exposures are associated with diarrheal illness in humans. Failure to ascertain the microbial cause of disease may mask this effect. Exposure to domestic animals should be considered a risk factor for human diarrheal illness and additional studies may identify potential mitigation strategies to address this risk.

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Free-Ranging Chickens in Households in a Periurban Shantytown in Peru—Attitudes and Practices 10 Years after a Community-Based Intervention Project

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Benefits and Risks of Smallholder Livestock Production on Child Nutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Benefits and Risks of Smallholder Livestock Production on Child Nutrition in Low- and Middle-Income Countries

Livestock ownership is associated with higher odds of anaemia among preschool‐aged children, but not women of reproductive age in Ghana

Human diarrhea infections associated with domestic animal husbandry: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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