A simple and efficient approach is developed to fabricate single-crystalline CuO nanostructures through an ionic liquid assisted one-step low-temperature solid-state route. Both nanoparticles (5 nm in size) and nanorods (5-10 nm in diameter and 50-100 nm in length) of monoclinic CuO were obtained. These synthesized CuO nanostructures were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and nitrogen adsorption analysis. The morphologies of the nanostructures can be controlled by tuning the amount of NaOH and ionic liquids. The growth mechanism of CuO nanostructures is investigated.CuO, nanostructures, ionic liquids, low-temperature solid-state route Metal oxides represent the most diverse class of materials with properties covering almost all aspects of materials science and physics in areas including superconductivity, ferroelectricity, magnetism, transparent conducting materials and gas sensors. A good example is crystalline copper oxide with nanometer-scale, an advanced material with wide potential applications as high-T c superconductors, organic catalysts, gas sensors, and lithium ions electrode materials [1] . Especially recently, single crystalline CuO nanorods have been used as anode materials for lithium ion battery and exhibit a high electrochemical capacity [2] . For these particular applications, the high surface-volume ratio and the nanometric size are expected to result in a tremendous improvement of chemical properties, thus rendering this material particularly appealing [1] .Many efficient approaches to prepare copper oxide thin film, nanotube, nanorods, and nanoparticles have been reported, such as MOCVD template method [1] , wet-chemistry route [2] , sonochemical preparation [3] , alkoxide-based preparation [4] , solid-state reaction [5] , solid-state reaction in the presence of surfactant polyethylene glycol (PEG) [6] , etc. Particularly, low-temperature solid-state route has been found to be a simple, efficient way and shows specific advantages, such as convenience, economical, less energy and material consumption and high yield [5][6][7][8] .Ionic liquids are salts composed of only ions which are liquid at relatively low temperatures (under 100℃). 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (abbreviated as [BMIM] [BF 4 ], Scheme 1), as a room temperature ionic liquid, is air and moisture stable, neutral, non-volatile, and weakly coordinating. In addition, both its cation and anion can serve as templates or charge compensating groups in the syntheses. When an ionic liquid is used as a reaction solvent, the solute is solvated by ions only. Thus, the reaction proceeds in an environment totally different from that when water or ordinary organic solvents are used, and therefore, high selectivity is possible. Although their applications with these features are being vigorously explored as green solvents in organic synthesis, such as Friedel-Cr...