major and accessory organs (e.g., stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas etc.) that compose and support the GI digestive system perform their proper functions through mechanical, chemical, and biological activities. [3] The tract secretes metabolites, electrolytes, enzymes, proteins, ions, and gases to digest food. The presence, absence, and proportion of each of those components can be physiologically indicative of GI health and disorders. [4,5] Recent explorations of the GI tract's outstandingly functional microbiome, which communicates with the central nervous system and maintains the immune system, have provided a new perspective on human health and disease. The research promises the development of new screening and early diagnostic techniques. [1,[6][7][8] Upper GI endoscopy and colonoscopy have been widely used as common techniques for early detection and temporary treatment of bleeding, inflammation, and lesions by the insertion of a camera and dispensing devices attached to a flexible fiber-optic tube through the GI tract. [9] However, even with a very long tube, the endoscopic procedure is typically not thorough because many areas of the GI tract remain largely inaccessible. [5] The small intestine is typically six meters long, and it is difficult to access all of it even with the upper endoscopy and colonoscopy. Even advanced deep endoscopy requires very sophisticated skills and experts to precisely control a balloon insertion and inflation in the small intestine. [1,5] Moreover, endoscopic procedures are generally complex, unpleasant, timeconsuming, and expensive while requiring advanced equipment and different levels of sedation, which cannot be widely applicable in developing countries or resource-limited settings.Ingestible capsules have been developed to overcome these limitations and especially to access hard-to-reach regions of the small intestine. [4,5,10] The swallowable capsules can readily visualize and monitor abnormalities of the GI tract while passively moving down the tract via the peristaltic motion of the gut. [11] Moreover, as the GI tract provides a relatively large space and immune-tolerant environment compared to other human organs, [12] the development of the ingestible capsule requires Functioning ingestible capsules offer tremendous promise for a plethora of diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, the absence of realistic and practical power solutions has greatly hindered the development of ingestible electronics. Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) hold great potential as power sources for such devices as the small intestinal environment maintains a steady internal temperature and a neutral pH. Those conditions and the constant supply of nutrient-rich organics are a perfect environment to generate longlasting power. Although previous small-scale MFCs have demonstrated many promising applications, little is known about the potential for generating power in the human gut environment. Here, this work reports the design and operation of a microbial biobattery capsule for ingesti...