Freeze‐induced cyanide toxicity does not maintain the cyanogenesis polymorphism in white clover (<i>Trifolium repens</i>)

Kooyers, Nicholas J.; Bakken, Bradley Hartman; Ungerer, Mark C.; Olsen, Kenneth M.

doi:10.1002/ajb2.1134

Cited by 24 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Our results are consistent with previous work demonstrating a cost of producing HCN or its metabolic components in frost‐prone habitats (Daday 1954, 1958, 1965; Ganders 1990; Kooyers and Olsen 2013; Kooyers et al. 2018); northern cities with lower winter temperatures and greater frost exposure had lower cyanogenesis frequencies than southern cities. In contrast to previous work (Kooyers and Olsen 2013), we did not identify aridity as an important predictor of mean HCN frequencies, possibly because the latitudinal transect sampled here spanned a shallow aridity gradient (annual AI range: 0.84–1.22) and steeper gradients may be necessary to detect aridity as an important correlate of HCN frequencies (e.g., New Zealand cline, AI range: 0.5941–4.8569, Kooyers and Olsen 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…Therefore in some cases, selection may be acting on this locus due to its greater costs in stress‐prone environments (Kooyers et al. 2018), independent of its involvement in HCN production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Observational and experimental data show that HCN is predicted to be costly in the presence of cold winter temperatures, either because such environments are associated with reduced herbivore pressure or because the metabolic components of HCN reduce tolerance to freezing (Daday 1954, 1965; Kooyers et al. 2018). Consistent with this latter prediction, some cities experience colder winter ground temperatures in urban populations that is correlated with reduced urban snow cover, leading to selection against HCN in cities (Thompson et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient

et al. 2020

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Cities are emerging as models for addressing the fundamental question of whether populations evolve in parallel to similar environments. Here, we examine the environmental factors that drive the evolution of parallel urban‐rural clines in a Mendelian trait—the cyanogenic antiherbivore defense of white clover (Trifolium repens). Previous work suggested urban‐rural gradients in frost and snow depth could drive the evolution of reduced hydrogen cyanide (HCN) frequencies in urban populations. Here, we sampled over 700 urban and rural clover populations across 16 cities along a latitudinal transect in eastern North America. In each population, we quantified changes in the frequency of genotypes that produce HCN, and in a subset of the cities we estimated the frequency of the alleles at the two genes (CYP79D15 and Li) that epistatically interact to produce HCN. We then tested the hypothesis that cold climatic conditions are necessary for the evolution of cyanogenesis clines by comparing the strength of clines among cities located along a latitudinal gradient of winter temperature and frost exposure. Overall, half of the cities exhibited urban‐rural clines in the frequency of HCN, whereby urban populations evolved lower HCN frequencies. Clines did not evolve in cities with the lowest temperatures and greatest snowfall, supporting the hypothesis that snow buffers plants against winter frost and constrains the formation of clines. By contrast, the strongest clines occurred in the warmest cities where snow and frost are rare, suggesting that alternative selective agents are maintaining clines in warmer cities. Some clines were driven by evolution at only CYP79D15, consistent with stronger and more consistent selection on this locus than on Li. Together, our results demonstrate that urban environments often select for similar phenotypes, but different selective agents and targets underlie the evolutionary response in different cities.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient

et al. 2020

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“…Take the production of a specific defensive trait, hydrogen cyanide (HCN), as an exemplar of different mechanisms of trade-offs at different biological levels. Second, HCN is involved in another onetrait trade-off, whereby the production of HCN makes plants sensitive to self-damage under freezing temperatures (Kooyers et al 2018). HCN functions by inhibiting cellular respiration, making it a very general poison.…”

Section: Box 2 the Car-house Trade-off Paradoxmentioning

confidence: 99%

A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology

Agrawal

2020

Ecology

200

246

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Citation: Agrawal, A. A. 2020. A scale-dependent framework for trade-offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology. Ecology 101(2):Abstract. Biodiversity is defined by trait differences between organisms, and biologists have long sought to predict associations among ecologically important traits. Why do some traits trade off but others are coexpressed? Why might some trait associations hold across levels of organization, from individuals and genotypes to populations and species, whereas others only occur at one level? Understanding such scaling is a core biological problem, bearing on the evolution of ecological strategies as well as forecasting responses to environmental change. Explicitly considering the hierarchy of biodiversity and expectations at each scale (individual change, evolution within and among populations, and species turnover) is necessary as we work toward a predictive framework in evolutionary ecology. Within species, a trait may have an association with another trait because of phenotypic plasticity, genetic correlation, or population-level local adaptation. Plastic responses are often adaptive and yet individuals have a fixed pool of resources; thus, positive and negative trait associations can be generated by immediate environmental needs and energetic demands. Genetic variation and covariation for traits within a population are typically shaped by varying natural selection in space and time. Although genetic correlations are infrequently long-term constraints, they may indicate competing organismal demands. Traits are often quantitatively differentiated among populations (local Manuscript adaptation), although selection rarely favors qualitatively different strategies until populations become reproductively isolated. Across species, niche specialization to particular habitats or biotic interactions may determine trait correlations, a subset of which are termed "strategic trade-offs" because they are a consequence of adaptive specialization. Across scales, constraints within species often do not apply as new species evolve, and conversely, trait correlations observed across populations or species may not be reflected within populations. I give examples of such scale-dependent trait associations and their causes across taxonomic groups and ecosystems, and in the final section of the paper, I specifically evaluate leaf economics spectrum traits and their associations with plant defense against herbivory. Scale-dependent predictions emerge for understanding plant ecology holistically, and this approach can be fruitfully applied more generally in evolutionary ecology. Adaptive specialization and community context are two of the primary drivers of trade-offs and syndromes across biological scales.

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“…HCN results from an epistatic interaction among two loci: CYP79D15 produces cyanogenic glucosides which are hydrolyzed in the presence of linamarase encoded by the Li locus. Recent data suggest a cost to producing glucosides and linamarase under stressful conditions (e.g., frost) (Kooyers, Hartman Bakken, Ungerer, & Olsen, 2018), which may partially explain the lower HCN frequencies in urban populations. Furthermore, small-leaved plants and those with thinner stolons are more frost-tolerant (Caradus et al, 1989;Svenning, Røsnes, & Junttila, 1997), suggesting plants in urban environments should match these phenotypes if they are indeed more prone to frost and have evolved to tolerate these conditions.…”

Section: Relation To Other Studies Of White Clovermentioning

confidence: 99%

Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient

Santangelo

Advenard

Rivkin

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Freeze‐induced cyanide toxicity does not maintain the cyanogenesis polymorphism in white clover (Trifolium repens)

Cited by 24 publications

References 53 publications

Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient

Predicting the strength of urban-rural clines in a Mendelian polymorphism along a latitudinal gradient

A scale‐dependent framework for trade‐offs, syndromes, and specialization in organismal biology

Multivariate phenotypic divergence along an urbanization gradient

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