Freeze-thaw cycles and their influence on marble deterioration: a long-term experiment

Ondrasina, Josef; Kirchner, Dirk; Siegesmund, Siegfried

doi:10.1144/gsl.sp.2002.205.01.02

Cited by 29 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Kessler (1919) found that repeated heating may lead to permanent dilatation due to microfracturing. Rosenholtz and Smith (1949), Sage (1988) or Ondrasina et al (2002) reported length changes of 1 mm/m due to heating and cooling. Thermally treated marbles which do not return to initial length changes after heating or cooling can show an inelastic residual strain even as a result of very small temperature changes (Battaglia et al 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marble bowing: comparative studies of three different public building facades

Siegesmund¹,

Ruedrich²,

Koch

2008

Environ Geol

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The veneer cladding of the Oeconomicum (OEC, Göttingen), the State Theatre of Darmstadt (STD, Darmstadt) and of the State and University Library (SUB, Göttingen) is characterised by pronounced bowing after a short time of exposure. Direct comparison of bowing data related to measurements from 2000 to 2003 at the SUB clearly show that the amplitude in bowing had significantly increased. The bowing is different in intensity and orientation (concave, convex). The cladding material (Peccia marble, Rosa Estremoz marble and Carrara marble) are different in lattice preferred orientation, grain size distribution and grain interlocking. Depending on the bowing, panels may show cracks mostly initiated at the dowels. The percentage of visible cracks and breakouts increases with the amplitude of bowing except for the STD. Repetitive heating-cooling under dry conditions leads to considerable inelastic residual strain only after the first or second thermal cycle. The residual strain continuously increases again if water is present, whereby the moisture content after a thermal cycle has a certain impact on the decay rate. The water-enhanced thermal dilatation strongly correlates with the deterioration rate obtained from the laboratory bow test. Detailed petrophysical investigations provide evidence that with increasing bowing a decrease of mechanical properties (flexural strength or breaking load at dowel hole) occur. Marble degradation is also connected with the increase in porosity and a general shift of the maximum pore radii to larger pore sizes. On-site damage analyses were combined with laboratory tests of the bowing potential to constrain factors that may influence the risk failure. The experimental bowing data clearly demonstrate that after 40 heating cycles combined with the effect of moisture a certain impact on the decay rate is observed. In the case of demounted panels the bowing tests show that already strongly deformed panels from the building exhibit a lower bowing potential than those with lower amplitudes of bowing. This is not the general case for all marble types. Finally, the artificial bowing causes a significant reduction of the flexural strength and the breaking load at the dowel hole. The strength loss of the experimentally aged claddings combined with on-site damage analyses led to conclusions concerning risk assessment and the predicted lifetime of the investigated marble claddings.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Marble bowing: comparative studies of three different public building facades

Siegesmund¹,

Ruedrich²,

Koch

2008

Environ Geol

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“…When heated, calcite crystal expands (26 9 10 -6 /°C) parallel to the crystallographic c-axis and contracts (-6 9 10 -6 /°C) in a direction normal to it (Kleber 1990). Historically, some researchers have attributed the bowing exclusively to the effects of repeated heating-cooling cycles (Sir Rayleigh 1934;Rosenholtz and Schmidt 1949;Ondrasina et al 2002). Logan et al (1993) and Logan (2004) suggested that the bowing of the marble slabs in the Amoco building was due to the anomalous expansion-contraction behaviour of calcite combined with the release of locked residual stresses.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bowing of dimensional granitic stones

2010

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Bowing is a well-known phenomenon seen in marbles used as building veneers. This form of rock weathering occurs as a result of external factors such as temperature, humidity, the system for anchoring the marble slabs or the panel dimensions. Under the same external conditions, many factors will determine the degree of deformation including petrography, thermal properties and residual locked stresses. The usual way to solve the problem of bowed marble slabs is to replace them with other materials, such as granites, in which the deformation still exists but is less common. In this study, eight ornamental granites with different mineralogy, grain size, grain shape, porosity and fabric were tested in a laboratory to assess their susceptibility to bowing. Three slabs of granite, each cut with a different orientation, were studied under different conditions of temperature (90 and 120°C) and water saturation (dry and wet) to investigate the influence of these factors together with that of anisotropy. At 90°C, only the granite with the coarsest grain size and low porosity exhibited deformation under wet conditions. At 120°C and wet conditions, three of the granites showed evident signs of bowing. Again, the granite with the coarsest grain size was the most deformed. It was concluded that the wide grain size distribution influences microcracking more than other expected factors, such as the quartz content of the rock. Also, mineral shape-preferred orientation and porosity play an important role in the bowing of the studied granites.

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“…This implies that for the investigated samples freeze-thaw action only plays a secondary part. Other experiments have shown that if cracks are open to a certain extent, the capillary water uptake increases and weathering processes like chemical solution or freeze-thaw action plays a more important role for marble decay (Ondrasina et al 2002;Ruedrich 2003).…”

Section: Marble Weatheringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development and assessment of protective winter covers for marble statuaries of the Schlossbrücke, Berlin (Germany)

Ruedrich¹,

Rieffel²,

Pirskawetz

et al. 2010

Environ Earth Sci

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The present study documents the results of an inter-disciplinary model project that was planned with the aim of developing an innovative winter covering system for marble statuaries located on the Schlossbrücke (Berlin). Such a system would need to fulfil the various requirements for structural stability, aesthetics, climate and practical use. This applied research represents the first complex scientific study of the sustainability of a winter covering system. The study is characterised by the use of complex scientific instruments such as special laboratory analysis and numerical simulation tools. The interaction between the environment and the artefacts in connection with the innovative winter covering structures were studied by extensive climatic monitoring.

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Freeze-thaw cycles and their influence on marble deterioration: a long-term experiment

Cited by 29 publications

References 14 publications

Marble bowing: comparative studies of three different public building facades

Marble bowing: comparative studies of three different public building facades

Bowing of dimensional granitic stones

Development and assessment of protective winter covers for marble statuaries of the Schlossbrücke, Berlin (Germany)

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