Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete with Marginal Air Content

Tanesi, Jussara; Meininger, Richard

doi:10.3141/2020-08

Cited by 40 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Se han considerado los siguientes mecanismos para explicar este fenomeno: presión hidráulica, propuesta por Powers, que explica que el agua congelada dentro del poro capilar genera una resistencia hidráulica al paso del agua que aún se encuentra en estado líquido, generando una presión, la cual solo se libera si hay poros vecinos libres; presión osmótica, al ocurrir el congelamiento en los poros capilares existe una diferencia de concentración entre el hielo y el agua remanente, generando el flujo del agua desde los espacios interlaminares del gel hacia los poros capilares, incrementando así la presión interna; y por último sobrepresión del hielo, desde poros pequeños el agua se transporta hacia poros ya congelados, generando un incremento del volumen de hielo y consecuentemente la presión (7,8).…”

Section: Ciclos De Hielo/deshielounclassified

“…The mechanisms suggested to explain the stress development include: hydraulic pressure, proposed by Powers, according to which the water frozen in capillary pores resists the flow of water still in the liquid state, generating pressure that is only released if neighbouring pores are empty; osmotic pressure, whereby freezing in capillary pores generates differences in concentration between the ice and remaining water, inducing the flow of water from gel interstices outward into capillary pores and raising the internal pressure; and lastly ice-induced excess pressure, with water migrating from smaller pores to frozen pores, raising ice volume and consequently pressure (7,8).…”

Section: Ciclos De Hielo/deshielomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The hydroxyl ions present in the cathodic reaction interact with Fe 2+ to produce ferrous hydroxide [7], which in turn reacts with the oxygen and water present in the concrete to generate ferric hydroxide [8]. The component ultimately formed is iron oxide hydrate [9].…”

Section: Basic Corrosion Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Durabilidad del hormigón armado expuesto a condiciones agresivas Durability of reinforced concrete exposed to aggressive conditions Freezing affects the water in capillary pores but not the tiny interstices in C-S-H gel except at temperatures of under -35 ºC (7). The presence of entrained air, in turn, can reduce the effect of ice formation in concrete.The mechanisms suggested to explain the stress development include: hydraulic pressure, proposed by Powers, according to which the water frozen in capillary pores resists the flow of water still in the liquid state, generating pressure that is only released if neighbouring pores are empty; osmotic pressure, whereby freezing in capillary pores generates differences in concentration between the ice and remaining water, inducing the flow of water from gel interstices outward into capillary pores and raising the internal pressure; and lastly ice-induced excess pressure, with water migrating from smaller pores to frozen pores, raising ice volume and consequently pressure (7,8).Factors that contribute to concrete freeze resistance include the water/cement ratio, the degree of concrete pore saturation, curing, the air content, and the aggregate. Resistance can be enhanced with a low water/ cement ratio, extended curing and a certain percentage of air.…”

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Durabilidad del hormigón armado expuesto a condiciones agresivas

Aguirre¹,

Gutiérrez²

2013

Mater. construcc.

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Reinforced concrete is the most widely used construction material in the world. The combination of high compressive strength, afforded by concrete and, and the excellent mechanical properties that characterise steel make it an ideal composite for all manner of structures. One of the main weaknesses of this material, however, is that when the concrete is exposed to aggressive environments, in particular high concentrations of chloride ions or carbon dioxide, reinforcing steel corrodes, shortening service life. This article reviews the state of the art on concrete durability, along with the conditions that affect its useful life by inducing reinforcing steel corrosion. It also discusses the prevention and control methods, in particular electrochemical prevention and rehabilitation techniques, that have been developed to mitigate the problem.Keywords: reinforced concrete; steel corrosion; mineral additions; electrochemical rehabilitation. RESUMENEl hormigón armado se ha convertido en el material más utilizado a nivel mundial en el sector de la construcción. La combinación de las altas prestaciones a resistencia a la compresión que ofrece el hormigón y las excelentes propiedades mecánicas del acero lo hacen el material compuesto ideal para aplicaciones estructurales. Sin embargo, uno de los mayores problemas que afecta la vida útil del hormigón es la corrosión del acero de refuerzo, la cual se presenta cuando el hormigón se encuentra expuesto a ambientes agresivos, en especial frente a la exposición a iones cloruros y/o dióxido de carbono. Este trabajo revisa el estado del conocimiento con respecto a la durabilidad del hormigón enfatizando en los fenóme-nos que afectan su durabilidad y generan la corrosión del acero de refuerzo, adicionalmente se incluyen los métodos de prevención y control que se han desarrollado para mitigar el problema, en particular los relacionados con las técnicas electroquímicas de prevención y rehabilitación. INTRODUCTIONVersatility and low cost have made concrete one of the world's most popular construction materials (1, 2). This ceramic material is characterised by high compressive strength, although it is prone to cracking under other types of mechanical stress such as bending and tensile forces, torque and shear. That weakness led to the advent of reinforced concrete, a combination of concrete and structural steel widely used to build bridges, buildings in general and skyscrapers in particular, tunnels and a host of other structures. One of the most important features of concrete, in addition to its mechanical properties, is its durability, which is associated with the inservice life of structures exposed to certain conditions or environments (3, 4). More specifically, reinforcing steel corrosion has been identified as the main weakness of reinforced concrete (5). This paper discusses the main types of concrete deterioration, including the processes that contribute to steel corrosion, and the respective prevention and control methods, such as the use of inhibitors and coatings, ...

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Section: Ciclos De Hielo/deshielounclassified

Section: Ciclos De Hielo/deshielomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Basic Corrosion Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Durabilidad del hormigón armado expuesto a condiciones agresivas

Aguirre¹,

Gutiérrez²

2013

Mater. construcc.

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“…As a result, each year an enormous budget is spent for highway repairs and maintenance (Kirkpatrick et al 2002, Liu and Weyers 1998, Tanesi and Meininger 2007.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Performance Concrete Bridge Decks: A Fast-Track Implementation Study Volume 2: Materials

Radlinski¹,

Olek²

2010

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IntroductionConcrete bridge decks are inherently exposed to harsh environment. They are known to undergo degradation due to numerous distresses, of which the most common are corrosion of reinforcement (caused by ingress of chloride through bulk concrete), freeze-thaw damage, shrinkage cracking (aggravating both corrosion and freeze-thaw problems) and surface scaling due to deicing salts.Recently, high performance concrete (HPC) has become widely utilized in the applications where severe environment leads to premature deterioration. The premise behind the development of HPC was to address the durability issues typical of normal concrete. HPC almost always implies incorporation of mineral admixtures, such as fly ash (FA) or silica fume (SF). These materials are added to concrete for variety of reasons, of which the most important is improvement (compared to plain ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete) of certain durabilityrelated properties. However, there are also some downsides of utilizing them in concrete. For example, fly ash is known to reduce the early age strength and early age resistance to chloride-ion penetration, as well as resistance to salt scaling and carbonation. Furthermore, fly ash concrete has been reported to be fairly sensitive to curing conditions compared to plain cement concrete. The shortcomings of incorporating silica fume, on the other hand, include increased susceptibility to shrinkage cracking and potentially reduced resistance to freezing and thawing.In the view of the aforementioned side effects associated with the use of fly ash or silica fume in binary mixtures, the ternary cementitious systems have been introduced as a potentially viable solution to address those durability issues. Superior properties of this kind of cementitious systems are commonly attributed to so-called synergistic effect taking place when both pozzolanic materials are utilized. The intuitively obvious benefit of the use of OPC/FA/SF mixtures is that the presence of fly ash in concrete compensates for the deficiencies of silica fume, and vice versa. For example, FA offsets the increase in water demand, heat of hydration and alkalinity of pore solution resulting from addition of SF. On the other hand, SF compensates for the low early age strength and sensitivity to curing (with respect to development of both mechanical and durability-related properties of FA concrete). From the economical perspective, a relatively low cost of FA counterbalances higher cost of SF. Although a fairly large amount of research has been conducted to evaluate the properties of ternary cementitious mixtures containing fly ash and silica fume, relatively little was done with the emphasis on the durability-related issues encountered when these binder systems are used in the bridge deck concrete. Up to date, no data exists on the actual performance of ternary concrete containing class C fly ash and silica fume in bridge decks.The purpose of this research was to examine the applicability of ternary binder systems containing ordinary port...

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Air-void parameters measurement of fresh concrete and hardened concrete

Xie

Liang

2013

J. Cent. South Univ.

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Freeze-Thaw Resistance of Concrete with Marginal Air Content

Cited by 40 publications

References 8 publications

Durabilidad del hormigón armado expuesto a condiciones agresivas

Durabilidad del hormigón armado expuesto a condiciones agresivas

High-Performance Concrete Bridge Decks: A Fast-Track Implementation Study Volume 2: Materials

Air-void parameters measurement of fresh concrete and hardened concrete

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