Freezing point and other technological properties of milk of the Polish Coldblood horse breed

Abstract

Mare milk is a valued and sought-after raw material for the production of innovative dairy products. The high demand, low supply, high price, and lack of accurate characterization of the milk of a given horse breed may provoke its deliberate fraudulent dilution. The aim of this work was to analyze the freezing point against a background of various selected technological parameters of Polish Coldblood mare milk. Research was carried out on multiparous Polish Coldblood mares from 5 to 8 yr of age with live weights between 618 and 851 kg. Their milk was tested on d 1, 3, and 7 postpartum and once a month for the next 9 mo of lactation (n = 52). Milk from 13 mares, taken daily in mo 4 of lactation, was collected for the dilution study (n = 403). The basic composition of the milk was as follows: solids-not-fat, 84.4 g/kg, fat 15.1 g/kg, lactose 65.3 g/kg, and total protein 24.2 g/kg (made up of casein, 14.6 g/kg, and whey protein, 9.5 g/kg). The dominant amino acids were glutamic acid, proline, leucine, and aspartic acid. The mean freezing point during a 9-mo lactation was -0.557°C (coefficient of variation = -2.787; 5th to 95th percentile: -0.563 to -0.550°C). Based on our analysis, we adopted -0.550°C (from 3 to 6 mo) as the reference value for milk from the Polish Coldblood horse. Analysis of the model of changes in freezing point, after dilution, using the coefficient of determination and Akaike's information criterion, showed that a linear model could be recommended (y = 79.35 + 144.35x). Addition of 1% water increased the freezing point of Polish Coldblood mare milk by 0.0069°C.

The effect of chia seed (Salvia hispanica) addition on the fatty acid profile and lactase activity of fermented mare’s milk

“…It has been shown in the literature that the fat content of mare's milk is lower than other species. The fat content (14.5 ±0.59) is similar to that reported by other authors for raw mare's milk (Cais-Sokolińska et al, 2018;Claeys et al, 2014;Salimei and Fantuz, 2012;Sansanwal et al, 2017). In our study, the lactose content 64.6 ±1.01 g/kg is comparable to that indicated by Potočnik et al (2011) for the same breed.…”

Chemical composition, whey protein profile, and fatty acid profile of milk from Sokólski horses in relation to Polish Halfbred horses

“…Cais-Sokolińska et al ( 2018) reported a higher crude protein level in milk from cold-blooded mares (2.42%) than that obtained in the present study, whereas Markiewicz-Kęszycka et al (2013) and Čagalj et al (2014) reported lower concentrations of crude protein in milk from cold-blooded horses: 1.55% and 1.76%, respectively. Cais-Sokolińska et al (2018) and Pieszka et al (2011) obtained similar density for milk from cold-blooded mares (1.037 kg/dm 3 ), while Hachana et al (2021) reported slightly lower density for milk from warm-blooded Arabian mares (1.031 kg/dm 3 ). Malacarne et al (2002) report that the energy value of horse milk is 480 kcal/100 g (390-550), compared to 677 kcal/100 g (650-700) for human milk and 674 kcal/100 g (650-712) for cow milk.…”

“…Czyżak-Runowska et al ( 2021) tested milk from 13 Polish Coldblood, Silesian, and Haflinger mares and found that its average fat content was 1.16%. Cais-Sokolińska et al (2018), analysing changes in the chemical composition of milk from Polish cold-blooded horses during 9-month lactation, found that the fat content remained similar (1.51% ± 0.01) from 30 to 210 days of lactation and then gradually decreased to 0.79% at 240 days and to 0.76% at 270 days. Even higher fat content (1.69%) was recorded in milk from 45 Arabian mares from Tunisia (Hachana et al, 2021).…”

Dairy productivity of Kazakh horse mares

“…Comparative studying of economic and useful traits of horses promotes the right choice of breed for these or those specific conditions. Results provide additional opportunities to increase horse breeding production [18].…”