Freezing Stress, Osmotic Strain, and their Viscoelastic Coupling

Cell volume control in three dimensions: Water movement without solute movement

“…The reason we don’t often see MSCs activated with osmotic pressure is because the membrane isn’t stretched very much ( Sachs, 2015 ); the primary stresses are internal to the cell and not concentrated in the cortex. Although the cytoskeleton has been suggested previously to be involved in cell volume regulation based upon the effect of cytoskeletal reagents, the literature has lacked a unified explanation as to how and why that should occur ( Mills and Skiest, 1985 ; Strange, 1993 ; Williams et al, 1997 ; Lang and Hoffmann, 2013 ). Most papers on cell volume regulation emphasize the role of the membrane and ignore the role of the cytoskeleton ( Kregenow, 1981 ; Wehner et al, 2003 ; Hoffmann et al, 2009 ).…”