Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire--German Version

The cross-cultural adaptation, validity, and reliability of the Spanish version of the Fremantle Back Awareness Questionnaire

“…The FreBAQ-S scores were correlated with almost all the clinical outcomes evaluated, partially in line with previous research on the convergent validity of the scale. In this regard, contrary to the German, Dutch, and Persian results (Janssens et al, 2017;Ehrenbrusthoff et al, 2018b;Mahmoudzadeh et al, 2020), we found moderate correlations between FreBAQ-S with current and usual pain, and a weak correlation with worst pain. Although a positive correlation between FreBAQ scores and duration of pain was found for the Turkish and Indian versions (Erol et al, 2019;Rao et al, 2021), our results did not support this correlation, in agreement with other studies assessing the convergent validity of the questionnaire.…”

“…This percentage was similar to previous research (Wand et al, 2014). In line with previously reported floor effects, the percentages of lowest and highest FreBAQ-S scores for the CLBP group were below the cutoff value of 15% that might suggest a possible floor effect (Wand et al, 2016;Janssens et al, 2017;Nishigami et al, 2018;Ehrenbrusthoff et al, 2018b;Erol et al, 2019). This adds confidence to the translation process and the cross-cultural validity of the FreBAQ-S. We also found evidence for discriminatory validity, as participants with CLBP scored significantly higher on the FreBAQ-S than healthy controls, which was consistently supported across different validation studies (Wand et al, 2014;Janssens et al, 2017;Ehrenbrusthoff et al, 2018b;Mahmoudzadeh et al, 2020).…”

“…Thus, the aims of this study were to develop a Spanish version of the FreBAQ, the FreBAQ-S, and evaluate its psychometric properties in a group of Spanish-speaking people with CLBP. Based on previous evidence, we expected higher FreBAQ-S scores in participants with CLBP (Janssens et al, 2017;Ehrenbrusthoff et al, 2018b;Mahmoudzadeh et al, 2020), and these scores to be positively correlated with clinical status (Nishigami et al, 2018;Ehrenbrusthoff et al, 2018b;Erol et al, 2019).…”

“…Discriminant validity was examined by comparing the FreBAQ-S scores between patients and controls using Student's t-test (Wand et al, 2014). Floor and ceiling effects [> 15% of respondents achieving the higher or lowest scores (Ehrenbrusthoff et al, 2018b)] and item endorsement were explored in the CLBP group, considering endorsement of all responses different from "never" (see Supplementary Appendices C,D; Wand et al, 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1070411 Frontiers in Psychology 05 frontiersin.org 2014). Convergent validity was explored with univariate Pearson's correlation, examining the relationships between the FreBAQ-S and the standardized questionnaire scores (Wand et al, 2014).…”

“…The FreBAQ is a quick, low-cost tool that claims to assess back-specific altered body image in CLBP composed of nine items (Wand et al, 2014). The questionnaire has been crossculturally adapted into several languages and the psychometric properties of the original (Wand et al, 2016) and translated versions (Janssens et al, 2017;Nishigami et al, 2018;Ehrenbrusthoff et al, 2018b;Erol et al, 2019;Mahmoudzadeh et al, 2020;Rao et al, 2021) seem acceptable. Moreover, FreBAQ scores have been consistently associated with clinical variables, such as pain intensity and duration, and catastrophizing, pointing to satisfactory levels of convergent validity (Janssens et al, 2017;Nishigami et al, 2018;Erol et al, 2019).…”