Frequency & factors associated with apparent resistant hypertension among Ghanaians in a multicenter study

Abstract

assumes financial management of the study as a fiduciary agent and primary contractor for the Funders. Consistent with antitrust laws that govern industry interactions, each Participant Company independently and voluntarily will continue to develop its own marketing and pricing strategies reflecting, among other factors, the Company's product portfolios and the patients it serves. For the avoidance of doubt, the Participant Companies committed not to: (a) discuss any price or marketing strategy that may involve any Project-related product; or (b) make any decision with respect to the presence, absence, or withdrawal of any Participant Company in or from any therapeutic area; or (c) discuss the launching, maintaining, or withdrawing of any product in any market whatsoever. Each Participant Company is solely responsible for its own compliance with applicable antitrust laws. The Funders were kept apprised of progress in developing and

Pathophysiologically based antihypertensive pharmacotherapeutics rationality, efficacy and safety in Sub Saharan African Nations – A review

“…Non-adherence, both with AHDs and life style changes, play a role and are discussed, as are the reasons for the non –compliance. A recent study from Morocco [ 87 ], with 73% UBP in hypertensives found that therapeutic inertia (TI) (adjusted odds ratio AOR 18.2) AHD non-adherence, obesity/overweight, low income, HT family history, and male sex all contributed [ 87 ].…”

“…Blood pressure controlled in 32.9% Factors causing and contributing to non –adherence with medications and life style modifications and BP control Multiple daily drug doses Patient- health provider relationships Co- morbidities (compelling indications) Long duration of treatment Cost of Medications Adverse drug Forgetfulness and cigarette smoking Older age (>.65 years old) Physical inactivity Adding Salt to diet Chat chewing Coffee consumption Low socio-econpmic status Antihypertensive monotherapy Fake or Substandard Antihypertensive medications Poor quality amlodipine (29%) and captopril (26%) in generic versions or produced from certain global zones had <85% of the active pharmacological ingredient True Resistant/Refractory Hypertension Patient resistant to 5 antihypertensive drug combination including a diuretic and a mineralocorticoid antagonist (MRA) such as spironolactone. References [ [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [87] , [94] , [95] ]: UBP – Uncontrolled Blood Pressure. References [ [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [87] , [94] , [95] ]: …”

“… References [ [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [87] , [94] , [95] ]: UBP – Uncontrolled Blood Pressure. References [ [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [87] , [94] , [95] ]: …”

“… UBP – Uncontrolled Blood Pressure. References [ [88] , [89] , [90] , [91] , [92] , [93] , [87] , [94] , [95] ]: …”

“…Resistant low renin hypertension occurs in 6% of Black African hypertensives [ 93 ]. The causes of true resistant HT in SSA or TRH (requiring 3 or more AHDs for BP control) is associated with many mutations SNPs of renal epithelial Na + channels, including (ENa + C and Sodium Channel epithelial 1 beta subunit SCNN1B) which is responsible for 5% of sodium excretion, and causes severe HT, Na + retention, low PRA and low aldosterone (Liddle Phenotype) [ 87 ]. The patients with apparent resistance or a-TRH in Ghana, had 4-fold risk association with all types of strokes, compared to treated HT with no stroke history, indicating that apparent treatment resistance (a- TRH) is a predisposition to stroke in SSA [ 87 ].…”