Frequency and antimicrobial resistance of bacteria isolated from oral and topical medicaments from Hilla, Iraq

Abstract

Introduction: The presence of microorganisms in pharmaceuticals is undesirable because they may cause spoilage of the product and may present an infection hazard to the consumers or patients. Methodology: A total of 102 samples of oral and topical non-sterile pharmaceutical products were collected at random from different drug houses and pharmacies in Iraq, to investigate the microbial contamination of these products. Bacterial isolates recovered from these medicaments were subjected to susceptibility testing against various antibiotics by disk diffusion method according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards (CLSI) guidelines. Results: The results revealed that the occurrence of Gram-positive bacteria was in oral and topical medicaments while Gram-negative bacteria were only detected in topical medicaments. More than 58% of Bacillus isolates were resistant to lincomycin and Bacillus mycoides isolates were resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Staphylococcus spp. showed a relatively high resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. S. epidermidis had the highest number of multi-resistant isolates. Furthermore, 87.5% of isolated Gram-negative rods showed high resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and 75% of them were highly resistant to erythromycin. One isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most resistant among all Gram-negative rod isolates. Conclusion: The high rate of resistance to antimicrobial agents of bacterial isolates recovered from oral and topical medicaments in this study may indicate a widespread antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from different sources, including those of anthropological and environmental origin.

Microbiological quality of non-sterile pharmaceuticals in Egypt

“…On the other hand, El-Houssieny et al had recovered E. coli from a syrup (1.1%); one P. aeruginosa isolate (1.1%) was recovered from a capsule was recovered from a syrup [10]. Contrary to the present study, Al-Charrakh reported the isolation of E. coli (5.7%), S. aureus (20.8%), and P. aeruginosa (1.9%) from a range of pharmaceutical products [23].…”

Detection and Identification of Clostridium Perfringens in Some Locally Oral Pharmaceutical Samples

“…Also, these findings were consistent with those of previous studies, where the majority of microbial contaminants in non-sterile pharmaceuticals are Bacillus spp. (Mwambete,2010 andAl-Charrakh ,2012).…”

Isolating and Identification Some Types of Bacteria that Cause Otitis Media and Detecting their Resistance Towards Antibiotics

“…Our results agreed with the study of researchers [30] as they showed that the sensitivity of P. mirabilis bacteria to the antibiotic Imipenem was 97.2%, and the results differed with the study Researchers [31], [32] reported that the resistance rate of isolates of these bacteria to Imipenem was 16.2% -15%, respectively. The reason for the resistance of some bacterial genera and species to many antibiotics, especially the species of the Enterobacter family of Gram-negative bacteria, K. pneumonia, P. mirabilis, and E. coli, is due to several reasons, including the production of enzymes that destroy the beta-lactam ring present in the composition of antibiotics belonging to the group Beta-lactams [33], or their possession of a capsule, or their possession of efflux pumps, or their formation of a biofilm substance that surrounds colonies of bacterial cells, providing them with a type of protection that greatly 2) OFX( 3) CAZ( 4) TE( 5) F( 6) AZM( 7) IPM( 8) CTX( 9) TOB( 10) 4) TE( 5) F( 6) AZM( 7) IPM( 8) CTX( 9) TOB (10) hinders and prevents antibiotics from reaching the bacterial cell [34], and that the excessive use of antibiotics has led to an increasing rate of the development of resistance to them and its spread throughout the world, and that when bacteria coexisting in the human and animal bodies are exposed to antibiotics, they will also develop resistance to these antibiotics, and worse than that, bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics It can spread to other people and the environment [35], [36].…”