Frequency and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Karachi Pakistan

Shamsi, Uzma; Azam, Iqbal; Shamsi, Azra; Shamsi, Dua; Callen, David F.

doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01339-9

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Our results illustrate that the majority of the study participants were in the deficiency zone (68.4%). This, in accordance with published literature, demonstrates the high frequency of VDD in Pakistani women in the reproductive age group [15]. A study from Pakistan demonstrated that despite being a year-round sunny environment, VDD has been reported to be alarmingly high among women.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Vitamin D Status and Ovarian Reserve Markers in Subfertile Women: A Single-Center Experience From Pakistan

Ahmed¹,

Siddiqui²,

Qureshi³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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This study was conceived with the objective of assessing the correlation between ovarian reserve markers and vitamin D deficiency (VDD) in a selected group of Pakistani subfertile women presenting at a specialized subfertility treatment centre. The measurements of antral follicle count (AFC), serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and serum vitamin D (VD) levels were the main tools used for the assessment of ovarian reserve. Materials and methodsAll female patients aged 18 to 45 years presenting with primary and/or secondary subfertility at the Australian Concept Medical Centre in Karachi, Pakistan from August 2016 to July 2021 were included in the study. The data of all eligible patients were recorded in the pre-defined Performa designed for this study. The Kruskal-Wallis test was applied to report the distribution of the data. The correlation between the categorical variables (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25-OHD] levels with AFC and AMH) was assessed using the chi-square test and Spearman correlation. The comparison was based on vitamin D levels grouped into three categories: deficiency (<20 ng/ml), insufficiency (21-29 ng/ml), and sufficiency (>30 ng/ml). ResultsOne hundred ninety-nine cases were evaluated for AFC and hormone analysis. The mean age and BMI were 32.87±5.49 years and 28.27±4.97 kg/m 2 . VDD was noted in 127 (68.4%) cases. No significant difference was noted across BMI, age, duration of subfertility, AMH, and FSH across the VD categories. Moreover, a poor correlation was noted between VD, AMH and FSH on the scatter plot, between VD and FSH (r = −0.003, p = 0.966) and between VD and AMH (r = −0.068, p = 0.342), respectively. ConclusionsThis study showed a high frequency of VDD in Pakistani subfertile women, from a specialized subfertility center in the largest metropolis in the country. However, a statistically significant association was not found between the markers of ovarian reserve and VD, showing no ethnic differences in the native Pakistani population. Hence, VD supplementation is unlikely to have an impact on correcting the ovarian reserve status in subfertile women in Pakistan. However, this is a potential area of interest, and evaluation of other indices of reproduction/ovarian reserve and the effect of confounders is required to test this hypothesis longitudinally.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Vitamin D Status and Ovarian Reserve Markers in Subfertile Women: A Single-Center Experience From Pakistan

Ahmed¹,

Siddiqui²,

Qureshi³

et al. 2022

Cureus

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“…Pakistan is having the highest prevalence rate of 15 vitamin-D deficiency in South East Asia. In the general population, 57-58% of women reported having vitamin-D 16,17 deficiency.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Butt

Arman²,

Ansari³

2022

KMUJ

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OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of 25-hydroxy vitamin-D deficiency in Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Civil Hospital Karachi, Pakistan from January to December 2019. One hundred and sixty five diagnosed cases of MS of either gender, aging 20-55 years, not taking vitamin-D supplements, steroids and could go outside in the sun were selected through non-probability consecutive sampling technique. Patients having history of rickets, parathyroid disease, chronic liver or renal diseases were excluded. Blood sample was taken to measure 25-hydroxyl vitamin D3 levels. A level of <20 ng/ml was considered as vitamin-D deficient. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify determinants. RESULTS: Out of 165 MS patients, 106 (64.24%) were females, 66 (40%) had income between PKR 10000-25000, 51 (30.9%) were illiterate and 12 (7.3%) had graduate level education. Majority (n=101; 61.21%) had relapsing-remitting MS. Mean age of enrolled participants was 32.92±8.19 years and mean duration of MS was 2.17±0.84 years. Ninety-nine (60%) patients had history of adequate sun exposure. Vitamin-D deficiency in MS patients was 55 (33.3%). Female patients with MS had 2.9 times more likely to be vitamin-D deficient compared to male patients (95% CI: 1.3-6.5). Vitamin-D deficiency In MS patients having no or primary level education patients was recorded in 38 (69.1%) patients as compared to 17 (31.9%) case having secondary or higher education (p-value=0.046). CONCLUSION: Vitamin-D deficiency is common in MS patients. Female and less educated MS patients are at a higher risk of being vitamin-D deficient.

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“…In multivariate analysis, we found that females aged 18-30 and no milk use were independent predictors of VDD. Previously, a number of studies have reported an association between age and VDD [38][39][40][41][42]. A study in children and adults from Saudi Arabia found a modest but positive correlation between Vit-D level and dairy product consumptions [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in Muslim Housewives of Quetta, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

Hussain

Latif

Malik

et al. 2021

Cureus

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BackgroundVitamin D (Vit-D) plays a central role in calcium homeostasis and maintains skeletal integrity. Housewives in Quetta, Pakistan are at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency (VDD). They spend a greater part of their day in cleaning, washing, cooking, managing daily groceries, and other household chores. Thus, little time is left for self-care and outdoor activities. They wear hijab and have very little exposure to sunlight. In addition, their diet is deficient in Vit-D-rich food items, rendering them at high risk of VDD. Fear of getting tanned, melasma, and preference for a fair complexion further limit their sun exposure. This study evaluates the prevalence of VDD in housewives and determines its various risk factors to recommend screening guidelines for VDD. MethodsA cross-sectional study was performed between November 2020 and April 2021 and recruited housewives aged >18 from the outpatient department of a tertiary care hospital in Quetta. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. VDD was defined as a serum 25(OH)-D level <20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L). Sociodemographic variables and information about the dietary habits, perception, attitudes towards sunlight, and daily duration of sunlight exposure were collected. Mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for continuous variables and counts, and proportions were calculated for categorical variables like education, age. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to determine the risk factors and associations of VDD. Data were analyzed by SAS/STAT software (version 9.4).

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Frequency and determinants of vitamin D deficiency among premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Karachi Pakistan

Cited by 11 publications

References 37 publications

A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Vitamin D Status and Ovarian Reserve Markers in Subfertile Women: A Single-Center Experience From Pakistan

A Cross-Sectional Evaluation of Vitamin D Status and Ovarian Reserve Markers in Subfertile Women: A Single-Center Experience From Pakistan

Frequency of 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis

Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Risk Factors in Muslim Housewives of Quetta, Pakistan: A Cross-Sectional Study

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