“…To date, personality sensing research has focused on the description, explanation, or prediction of personality-relevant information (Harari et al, 2020). In the domains of description and explanation, studies have focused on individual differences in behavior by providing estimates of the rates of engagement in various behaviors (e.g., calling, texting, using different apps; Budimir et al, 2020;Harari et al, 2019;Schoedel et al, 2018;Stachl et al, 2017), identifying the degree to which such behaviors vary between persons, are stable over time, and map onto self-reported personality traits. In the domain of prediction, studies have primarily focused on demonstrating how self-reported personality trait levels can be inferred from sensing data (e.g., Chittaranjan, Blom, & Gatica-Perez, 2011;Stachl, Au, et al, 2020;Wang et al, 2018), evaluating machine learning models that classify or predict a person's self-reported Big Five trait scores.…”