Frequency and effects of extravasation of ionic and nonionic CT contrast media during rapid bolus injection.

Abstract

The frequency of extravasation of contrast medium after mechanical bolus injection is higher than that reported for hand-injection or drip-infusion techniques, but there is no correlation between injection rate and extravasation frequency.

Immediate adverse reactions to intravenous iodinated contrast media in computed tomography

“…Most extravasations involve small volumes of less than 10 ml, evolving without complications; however, large volumes of 50 ml or more can damage neighboring tissues of the puncture site and, rarely, compartmental syndrome (6) . According to international literature (2,(8)(9)(10) , the frequency of radiopaque medium extravasation varies between 0.3% and 3.6%. Next, in the results section, findings related to extravasation of the radiopaque medium were described separately, as this is a local adverse effect for which different sample subject inclusion and exclusion criteria were adopted.…”

“…Literature (2,(8)(9)(10) about the occurrence of extravasation refers to research that used some criteria different from those used in this study, such as the exclusive use of plastic catheters, exclusive use of automatic injection and different criteria to select the research subjects. In comparing the results of this study with international references, attempts were made to adapt results from the HCPA to the criteria used by different researchers, as shown in Table 2.…”

“…Moreover, other sources also mention higher extravasated volumes, ranging between 3 and 120 ml (9) , or do not specify the extravasated volumes (2) .…”

Effectiveness of the new injection program ‘saline test injection mode’ for use power injector in pediatric contrast CT

“…Confirmation of reflux from the injection route has been reported as a safety countermeasure during power injection [3,[9][10][11]. In some reports, the saline test injection was performed manually [2,3,12].…”

“…The risk of extravasation from contrast medium injection with a power injector increased with an increase in injection pressure. Regarding the risk of extravasation, it has been reported that there was no correlation between the injection rate and the extravasation rate or comprehensive reactions [6,10]. Amaral et al reported that extravasation was related to a high injection rates and pressures, regardless of the location, size, or type of catheter.…”