Frequency and Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus from Placenta of Mothers with Term and Preterm Deliveries

Abstract

Globally, prematurity is the leading cause of neonatal mortality (babies in the first four weeks of life) and now the second leading cause of mortality after pneumonia in children under age five. The neonatal gut microbial colonization is crucial in the human life cycle. Placental microbiota transmits from the gut microbiota plays a significant role in association with kinship. Simultaneously, this transition is being made from mother to infant. This comparative study explored the diversity of microbiota associated with term and preterm neonates by evaluating the placental samples. The study found that 16/68 (23.5%) full-term placental samples were positive for S. aureus; on the other hand, 4/16 (25%) preterm placental samples confirmed culture growth for S. aureus. Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns showed that Staphylococcusaureus (S. aureus) isolates from both types of samples were resistant to Ofloxacin, Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, Oxacillin, and Cefoxitin. However, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) detection was 43.75% in full-term and 75% in preterm placental samples. Moreover, two isolates were positive for both mecA and PVL virulent genes, and the rest were positive only for the mecA gene. Interestingly few isolates lacked both characteristic MRSA genes, mecA and PVL. Notably, resistances were more inclined towards preterm samples for antimicrobial susceptibility and MRSA screening. It may be concluded that there is a significant presence of S. aureus in the placenta of mothers with term and preterm deliveries which might be responsible for preterm deliveries. Therefore, judicious use of antibiotics during pregnancies may help prevent preterm births.

Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy for the Remote Eradication of Bacteria

“…[107] Such individuals were known to contribute to the increment of SA related hospital infections such as postpartum pregnant women, pregnant women, and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and healthy neonates. [108] Additionally, SA is often related to bone-related infections, skin infections, sepsis, pneumonia, impetigo, and endocarditis in hospitalized patients. [109][110][111] Although penicillin was one of the first few antibiotics developed to counter SA infections, it was then replaced by methicillin over the years.…”

“…Normally, when individuals are colonized by SA in their skin or nasal mucosa, they are asymptomatic [107] . Such individuals were known to contribute to the increment of SA related hospital infections such as postpartum pregnant women, pregnant women, and neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) and healthy neonates [108] . Additionally, SA is often related to bone‐related infections, skin infections, sepsis, pneumonia, impetigo, and endocarditis in hospitalized patients [109–111] .…”

Exploring Immunome and Microbiome Interplay in Reproductive Health: Current Knowledge, Challenges, and Novel Diagnostic Tools

“…Almost all bacterial signals were related either to acquisition of bacteria during labor and delivery or contamination of laboratory reagents with bacterial DNA. 75 78 79 80 81 82 However, considering the conflicting results of previous studies, new and better-planned research is still necessary, as the placental microbiota provides a new frontier that may affect the health outcomes of pregnancy and newborns. Understanding the intricate interactions between reproductive organs and their microbiota is crucial for advancing women's and children's health.…”

Focused Ultrasound, an Emerging Tool for Atherosclerosis Treatment: A Comprehensive Review

“…Men are more inclined than premenopausal [ 20 ] to suffer from atherosclerosis. However, the risk juxtaposes in postmenopausal women [ 21 , 22 ]. Notably, these risk factors often interact and worsen the other’s consequences.…”