Frequency and Phase Characteristics of Candle Flame Oscillation

Chen, Ting; Guo, Xiao; Jia, Jing; Xiao, Jinghua

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36754-w

Cited by 24 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Re /Gr 0.1 < , the flame was mainly affected by the buoyancy in the vertical direction. The influence of cross sweeping wind on the flame was dominated by w u > 1.68 m/s, 2 Re / Gr 10 w f > and the mid interval was a mixed phase. In the experimental wind speed range, with the increase of wind speed, flame-oscillation frequency first increased, then decreased, and then increased again.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Reynolds nuber is the ratio of inertial force to viscous force, then the ratio of buoyancy to inertia can be obtained from Grashof and Reynolds numbers. To highlight the role of the wind, this study applied 2 Re /Gr w f to analyze the extent of the impact of the wind on the combustion of the oil pan. The formula is:…”

Section: Effect Of Cross Wind On the Flamementioning

confidence: 99%

“…When w u > 0.64 m/s, the combustion efficiency was gradually reduced, ultimately nearly stabilizing, although fluctuations could still be observed. Figure 9 shows the relationship between combustion efficiency η and 2 Re /Gr w f . The dotted area in fig.…”

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Flame oscillation generally represents the instability of a flame, low oscillation frequency of the flame occur in the vicinity of the boundary between the outer flame and the surrounding air stream [1], and it can reflect the specific characteristics of combustion [2]. The intrinsic cause of flame oscillation is the result of vortex movement within the flame plume, which is the macroscopic representation of the small-size structure within the flame.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the influence of cross wind on the flame is dominant.Figure 3shows the variation curve of2 Re /Gr w f in the range of experimental wind.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of flame-oscillation frequency under cross wind diffusion

Lou

Zeng

et al. 2019

THERM SCI

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Turbulent flame-oscillation frequency and combustion efficiency are the important parameters in combustion. It is a useful study to judge combustion efficiency by intuitive flame frequency. Based on a combustion wind tunnel experimental setup , the variation law of combustion flame-oscillation frequency and combustion efficiency using external wind speeds was studied via the color flames image sequence of oil pan combustion and flue gas composition. The oscillation frequency was calculated with the upper edge of the fire plume which recorded flame image sequence using a high-speed video, combined the MATLAB image processing technique. The combustion efficiency was calculated combined with the C and H element mass of the liquid fuel in the oil pool and CO 2 and H 2 O concentrations in the flue gas. The results show that the oscillation frequency of the flame revealed a tendency to increase followed by a decrease with increasing wind speed, while the overall trend of combustion efficiency increased first and then decreased. The combustion efficiency could be judged by observing the oscillation frequency of the flame image. In addition, the combustion efficiency may ensure in right way when the turbulence oscillation frequency of the oil pan flame ranged between 15 Hz and 18 Hz.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Effect Of Cross Wind On the Flamementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Combustion Efficiencymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…the influence of cross wind on the flame is dominant.Figure 3shows the variation curve of2 Re /Gr w f in the range of experimental wind.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Association of flame-oscillation frequency under cross wind diffusion

Lou

Zeng

et al. 2019

THERM SCI

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Impact of candle wicks and fuels on burning rate, flame shape, and melt pool diameter

Furlong

Haelssig

Pegg

2023

Combustion and Flame

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Candle flame soot sizing by planar time-resolved laser-induced incandescence

Verdugo¹,

Cruz²,

Alvarez³

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Soot emissions from flaming combustion are relevant as a significant source of atmospheric pollution and as a source of nanomaterials. Candles are interesting targets for soot characterization studies since they burn complex fuels with a large number of carbon atoms, and yield stable and repeatable flames. We characterized the soot particle size distributions in a candle flame using the planar two-color time-resolved laser induced incandescence (2D-2C TiRe-LII) technique, which has been successfully applied to different combustion applications, but never before on a candle flame. Soot particles are heated with a planar laser sheet to temperatures above the normal flame temperatures. The incandescent soot particles emit thermal radiation, which decays over time when the particles cool down to the flame temperature. By analyzing the temporal decay of the incandescence signal, soot particle size distributions within the flame are obtained. Our results are consistent with previous works, and show that the outer edges of the flame are characterized by larger particles (≈ 60 nm), whereas smaller particles (≈ 25 nm) are found in the central regions. We also show that our effective temperature estimates have a maximum error of 100 K at early times, which decreases as the particles cool. Candles are one of the oldest combustion technologies still in use. They represented a significant technological advancement over oil lamps, including the lack of dripping and the ability to produce a stable flame due to its self-trimming wick. Ever since Michael Faraday's famous lectures 1 , and albeit their deceptive simplicity, candle flames remain perhaps the most archetypal non-premixed combustion system, and have received continuous attention from the combustion community 2-7. As practical combustion systems, candles include several complex processes in the solid, liquid and gaseous phases in a compact and safe setting. The paraffin wax is held in the system as a solid and is only liquefied before it is fed to the flame zone, which represents an important attribute in terms of safety, storage and transportation. Liquid fuel is fed to the flame through the wick by way of capillary movement. As the fuel reaches the top of the wick, it evaporates and the gaseous fuel diffuses towards the reaction zone, a thin surface located at the exterior of the flame where the combustion reactions take place, while it undergoes thermal decomposition. In terrestrial gravity conditions, the buoyant, hot gases generated by the energy released in the combustion reactions move upward, entraining fresh air into the reaction zone, ensuring the sustained combustion in the system. Gravity thus gives the flame its characteristic shape, and candles have been the subject of significant research in microgravity conditions by NASA 3,8. Perhaps the main feature of candle flames is their luminosity, and nowadays they are still an important light source, particularly for the approximately 800 million people still living without access to electricity 9. Candle flame ...

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Frequency and Phase Characteristics of Candle Flame Oscillation

Cited by 24 publications

References 33 publications

Association of flame-oscillation frequency under cross wind diffusion

Association of flame-oscillation frequency under cross wind diffusion

Impact of candle wicks and fuels on burning rate, flame shape, and melt pool diameter

Candle flame soot sizing by planar time-resolved laser-induced incandescence

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